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<br />The distance between the pier and the west abutment is not specified in this example. If <br />the spacing between the two protection pads is 1.5 m or less, it is recommended that the <br />pads be joined to form a continuous pad between the abutment and the pier. Figure 6.6 <br />shows the recommended layout of Toskane protection pads. <br /> <br />x~ <br /> <br />Flow <br />IS' <br /> <br />Y <br /> <br />tN <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Figure 6.6 Blue Creek with Toskane Protection Pads <br /> <br />Information on Toskane fabrication and installation costs can be found in Fotherby and Ruff <br />1995 (Penn DOT study). <br /> <br />References <br /> <br />Brown, SA, E.S. Clyde, 1989, "Design of Riprap Revetment," Hydraulic Engineering <br />Circular No. 11, FHWA-IP-016, prepared for FHWA, Washington, D.C. <br /> <br />Fotherby, L.M., Ruff, J.F., 1995, "Bridge Scour Protection System Using Toskanes - Phase <br />1," Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Report 91-02. <br /> <br />Fotherby, L. M., 1995, "Scour Protection at Bridge Piers: Riprap and Concrete Armor Units," <br />Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. <br /> <br />Holtz, D.H., Christopher, B.R., Berg, A.A., 1995, "Geosynthetic design and Construction <br />Guidelines," National Highway Institute, Publication No. FHWA HI-95-038, Federal Highway <br />Administration, Washington D.C. May. <br /> <br />Richardson, E.V., S.R. Davis, 1995, "Evaluating Scour at Bridges," FHWA-IP-90-017 HEC- <br />18, Washington, D.C. <br /> <br />6.12 <br />