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<br />of the country, Local construction cost multipliers are given by type of <br /> <br />construction material for all states and large metropolitan areas and <br /> <br />medium-size communities, Square and cubic foot construction costs are <br /> <br />given for foundations, flooring, walls, roofing, heating systems, <br /> <br />plumbing, and built-in appliances, as well as garages and outside <br /> <br />property. The guides are updated quarterly and available in printed form <br /> <br />or by computer. Care should be taken to limit valuation estimates to the <br /> <br />depreciated conditions, otherwise benefits might be over ,estimations of <br /> <br />values. <br /> <br />ELEVATION FOR EACH STRUCTURE <br />Building elevations are as important as hydraulic information for <br /> <br />establishing project benefits, and they are also much easier to accurately <br /> <br />establish, Often, this crucial variable is given_too little attention, <br /> <br />SOURCES OF TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION <br />1) Topographic maps. The U,S, Geological Survey maintains complete <br /> <br />topographic maps of the United States, These maps vary in age, scale, and <br /> <br />contour intervals. The maps are continually updated, but they can be as <br /> <br />much as 50 years old. Urban areas are most frequently updated, For most <br /> <br />urban areas, maps are at a scale of 1 to 24,000, where one inch equals <br /> <br />2,000 feet, Urban areas in terrain with flat or moderate slope are <br />usually mapped with five-foot contours, <br /> <br />2) Permanent bench marks. <br /> <br />Permanent elevation bench marks can be <br /> <br />fixed by circular metal disks hammered, bolted, or set with masonry into a <br /> <br />street, bridge or building, Reference elevations may also be recorded for <br /> <br />V-28 <br />