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<br />viii <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />LIST OF FIGURES <br /> <br />Figure 5-1. Estimated flood damage in California counties in the 1998 El Nino disaster, <br />compared with actual costs as of June 1,2001: <br />(a) Initial damage estimate ...,.................,......................,............,.,.................,.........,..,28 <br />(b) Preliminary damage assessment.,....,.......,......,......,.......................,.......,....,.....,......29 <br /> <br />Figure 5-2. Comparison of National Weather Service flood damage estimates with <br />estimates obtained from five states: <br />(a) California, 1955-1977 ,......,.."..,...."..,......,.,....,.......,........,..............'..,..'..............,.34 <br />(b) California, 1978-1998 ,..........,....,.." ............, .,...... ,. ..,..,..... ..,...., ......' ..........'... ......,.35 <br /> <br />(c) Colorado, 1955-1998 ...".',. ,...... .."""""""" """ "'" ""...."" """"""" "",.."" """..".36 <br />(d) Michigan, 1975-1998 ,...,.."",..""..", """"'" """"""",..,.."""""""""""""""",'.,",37 <br />(e) Virginia, 1977-1998 ,......."""."", ."" """ """"",..", ""..,..'"..""""""..""",..""" ".,,38 <br />(f) Wisconsin, 1973-1993".,..", """",.""""" """""" .."""..,'.."....'"""""""" "'" "",...,,39 <br /> <br />Figure 5-3. Scatterplot of National Weather Service flood damage estimates versus <br />estimates obtained from five states, in millions of 1995 dollars..,......,........,.........,......4I <br /> <br />Figure 6-1. Frequency distributions of annual state flood damages (1995 dollars), <br />1955- 1978 and 1983-1999, ........... ....,............., ............., ........, ............, .............., ..,..:.. ,44 <br /> <br />Figure 6-2. States ranked by estimated total damage during <br />1955- I 978 and 1983-1999,.., .....,....,.......,.....................................,....... .......................46 <br /> <br />Figure 6-3. Historical flood damage in states representing different levels of vulnerability: <br />(a) High vulnerability, California ..........,.................,................,.................................,51 <br />(b) Medium vulnerability, Alabama ....,............,............................,..,....,...."....,......,..,52 <br />(c) Low vulnerability, Maine ..,......,....,...,.........,......,..........,......,.............,...........,.......53 <br /> <br />Figure 7-1. Estimated annual flood damage in the United States, 1934-1999: <br /> <br />(a) Total flood damage "",..,..""""".. """""""",...'""".."",...""..",."."....",,..,..,.,.,..",56 <br />(b) Flood damage per capita ....,...................................................,..........,..........,.........57 <br />(c) Flood damage per million dollars of tangible wealth. ..,..................................,.......58 <br /> <br />Figure 7-2. States ranked based on total flood damage <br /> <br />(a) during 1955- I 978""""""..""""""....",..."".",.."""""""""""..",..""..,.""",..""", .60 <br />(b) during 1983-1999, .., ,......,....,.." ..,..,...., ......, ....,...... ,......., ..,.........,... ......................, ,61 <br /> <br />Figure 7-3. States ranked based on average annual flood damage per capita, <br /> <br />1983-1999""",.,...",.,.""..,."""."""""""""""""""""",....,..",..."..,...,.""""", ,..",..,." ,62 <br />