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<br />I <br />-. <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br />-- <br />I <br />II <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I - 3 <br /> <br />.~ <br /> <br /> <br />Elevotion <br /> <br />~ <br />' I <br />" <br />~\ .::; <br />, <br /> <br />Elevation <br /> <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />Plan <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />, <br /> <br />Plan <br /> <br />7/0",_ <br />/r:~ <br />Section A-AI <br /> <br />no,oU <br />"'///r- <br />Section A - AI <br /> <br />(0) Spill- through <br /> <br />(b) Wing - wall <br /> <br />Fig. 1.1.1 Geometric properties of bridge crossings. <br /> <br />The design procedures have been derived from laboratory and field observations <br />of bridge crossings. The desiQn procedures include allowances made for the effects <br />of skewness. eccentricity. scour. abutment setback. channel shape. submerQence of <br />the superstructure. debris. spur dikes. wind waves. ice. piers. abutment types. and <br />flow conditions. These design procedures take advantage of the large volume of <br />\Nork that has been done by many people in describing the hydraulics and scour <br />characteristics of bridge crossings. <br />