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<br />at the 95 percent confidence level in
<br />most cases. To improve future ana-
<br />lyses, study methods need to be more
<br />standardised than at present.
<br />
<br />BR~NDSTETTF,R, A. 1974: "Comparative ana-
<br />lysis of urban storm water models".
<br />In, Proceedings of a short course on
<br />applications of storm water manag~ment
<br />models, University of Massachusetts,
<br />~mherst, p333-420.
<br />
<br />Key words: analytical techniques:
<br />combined sewers: mathematical models.
<br />
<br />Eighteen mathematical models for the
<br />nonsteady simulation of runoff in urban
<br />storm and combined sewerage systems
<br />were reviewed in a study sponsored by
<br />the U.S. Environmental Protection
<br />Agency. The models were evaluated on
<br />the basis of information published by
<br />the model builders and model users.
<br />Seven models were also tested by com-
<br />puter runs using both hypothetical and
<br />real catchment data. Most of the mo-
<br />dels evaluated include the non steady
<br />simulation of the rainf~ll-runoff oro-
<br />cess and flow routing in sewers; a'few
<br />also include the simulation of w3ste
<br />water quality, options for dimensioning
<br />sewerage system components. ~nd fea-
<br />tures for rCultime control of overflows
<br />during rainslorms.
<br />
<br />BRANDSTETTER, A. 1976: "Assessment of ma-
<br />thematical models for storm an~ com-
<br />bined sewer management". EPA. Cincin-
<br />nati, Ohio, Final Report, Contract No.
<br />68-03-0251; 387pp.
<br />
<br />Key words: watershed management:
<br />urban runoff, mathematical models;
<br />computer models: combined sewers,
<br />water pollution control, overflows.
<br />
<br />Input data 3nd selected output are pre-
<br />sented as part of a general evaluation
<br />of storm water manaoement models.
<br />Hypothetical catchments and pipe sys-
<br />tems were used in simulations. Storm
<br />water management models which are con-
<br />sidered include: Battelle Urban Waste
<br />Water Management Model, Chicago Flow
<br />Simulation Program, Dorsch Consult Hy-
<br />drograph-Volume Model, Environmental
<br />Protection Agency Storm Water ~anage-
<br />ment Model (SWMM). Massachusetts Insti-
<br />tute of Technology Urban Watershed
<br />Model, and Water Resources Engineers
<br />Storm Water Management Model.
<br />
<br />BRANDSTETTER. A. 1976: "Evaluation of (25)
<br />mathematical models for the simulation
<br />of varying runoff and water quality in
<br />storm and combined sewerage systems..
<br />In, EPA Conference on Environmental Mo-
<br />deling and Simulation; p78.
<br />
<br />Key words: combined
<br />noff, mathematical
<br />models.
<br />
<br />sewers;
<br />modelsr
<br />
<br />urban ru-
<br />computer
<br />
<br />The EPA sponsored an assessment of 2S
<br />simulation models to provide a readily
<br />available reference guide for selecting
<br />models best suited for specific pur-
<br />poses. Most model. reviewed include
<br />the computation of the time-varying ru-
<br />
<br />noff from rainfall and flow routing in
<br />sewage networks. Some models simulat~
<br />the time-varying waste w3ter ou~ljty,
<br />and ? few mo~els include math~matical
<br />optimisation t~chniqu~s for th~
<br />least-cost d~sign of n~w storm sew~r
<br />system components or for optimRl
<br />real-time oper~tions of combin~~ scw~r
<br />overflow structures. ~n ~valudtion of
<br />the principal features, assum9tions,
<br />ano limitations of each model is given:
<br />a comparison of flow and w~tcr gu~lity
<br />routing results and computer running
<br />costs for 8 model~ which were tested
<br />with the same data is ~resented.
<br />Additional model fe~tures are reco~-
<br />mended which would enhance or extend
<br />simulation capabilities and use.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />,
<br />
<br />BRANN1\.N. R.W. 1962: "Drainage problems in
<br />an area changing from rural to urbanD.
<br />Public Works, Vol.93(lO), ~l93-196.
<br />
<br />Key words: storm
<br />rainfall-runoff relationships:
<br />change, peak disch~rge.
<br />
<br />runoff;
<br />landuse
<br />
<br />In Lucas County, Ohio, as long::;ls wat-
<br />ercourses served only to drain agricul-
<br />tural and foreste1 areas, no mor~ than
<br />5 percent of the rainf~ll foun~ \ts w~y
<br />immediately to creeks. ~s urb?nis~tioQ
<br />took place, residenti~l 5ub~ivi~ions,
<br />parking lots, commercial buil~ings,
<br />schools, churches, driveways, highways,
<br />sidewalks, and oth~r imnervious im-
<br />provements were made. Runoff increased
<br />rapidly, and the capacity of the natur-
<br />al w~tercourse was soon exceeded. As
<br />the choicer lands at high~r elevntions
<br />were improved, the lower-lying lands
<br />became more desirable for irnprovcm~nts.
<br />They in turn were develop~d, and they
<br />added to the storm water. Pe~k dis-
<br />charg~s rose to new highs nnd inundated
<br />lands that had n~ver before been sub-
<br />ject to flooding. High-water damage
<br />occurred at more frequent interv~ls.
<br />Accompanying this >;l,'as physical deteri-
<br />oration of the stream. This furt~er
<br />reduced the ability of the str~am to
<br />transport sediment, and as a result de-
<br />posits formed. At an increasing rate.
<br />the shape and frictional char3cteris-
<br />tics of the stream changed so thet it
<br />had less capacity for the simultaneous-
<br />ly increased runoff de~and.
<br />
<br />BRAS, R.L. and PERKI~S, F.E.
<br />1975: -Effects of urbanisation on
<br />catchment response". J. Hydraul.
<br />Divn., Proc. ASCE, Vol.l~1(HY3);
<br />p4S1-466.
<br />
<br />Key words: rainfall-runoff relation-
<br />ships; urbanisation; mathematical mo-
<br />dels.
<br />
<br />A mathematical model was utilised as an
<br />experimental tool to perform a series
<br />of controlled experiments on small hy-
<br />pothetical catchments characteristic of
<br />areas in Puerto Rico. The purpose of
<br />the experiments was to qu~ntify the
<br />likely effects of typical urban devpl-
<br />opments on the hydroloqic response
<br />characteristics of the hypothetical
<br />catchments, ano to relate these effects
<br />to the separate physical changes intro-
<br />duced by urbanis~tion. An importnnt
<br />modeling issue was also investigated.
<br />
<br />.
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