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notf: surface runofft urbanisation; urban drainage; urban runoff~ urban hydrology; model studies. . Storm water detention devices can be effective in reducing downstream prob- lems as a result of urban development and they can be compatible with their surroundings. Problems can arise with storm water detention devices especial- ly if they are not constructed or main- tained properly. Some devices are en- vironmentally more acceptable than oth- ers in certain areas, but there should be no probl~ms which cannot be handled with ad~quate planning. Urban runoff models are becoming more refined and reliable with use, but they still have a long way to go. They will, however, continue to be an important tool to the engineer and planner in the future. The decision-making process in regard to urban storm water management and nonpoint source pollution control is severely hampered by the lack of good real-time data on both urban runoff quantity and quality. The present market demand for storm water monitor- ing equipment has resulted in a desir- able research effort into the develop- ment of more reliable equipment at lower cost. . ARON, G. and lAKATOS, D.F. 1976: -Penn State urban runoff model - user's manu- al-. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. Dept. of Civil Engineering Research Publication No.96: 6epp. (NTIS PB-267 3121. Key words: computer models: storm ru- noff: surface runoff: urbanisation: urban hydrology; urban drainage. . Successful urban water resources man- agement depends on the ability of urban planners to predict accurately, in ad- vance, the effects that increased urban development will have on storm water runoff. The present inability to pred- ict watershed response is a major fac- tor leading to increased urban flood- ing, and a lowering of runoff quality due to the lack of proper control. The situations for which the Penn State Urban Runoff Model is intended are less general than those of many urban runoff models. The Penn State Runoff Model was developed as an alternative to the traditional Rational Method and other semi-empirical procedures for urban drainage design. It deals entirely with the quantity of storm water ru- noff, and does not directly consider urban runoff quality. The objectives adopted for the Penn State Urban Model were: (1) to produce an urban runoff simulation model which would provide acceptable hydraulic accuracy while re- maining at a level of sophistication compatible with minimum practice and data collection time, (2) to keep the model as simple and concise as possible to insure its convenient use, (3) to allow for the vnalysis of the timing of subarea flow contributions to peak rates at various points in a watershed. . ATRYOE, D.N. (ed). 1976: .Urb~n water management-. Proceedings nars held at Atlanta, Georgia, on storm semi- Nov. 4-6 1975, and Denver, Colorado, on Dec. 2-4 1975. Divn. of Water Planning, u.s. EPA, Washington, D.C., EPA-68-eI-3565; 513pp. Key words: storm runoff; runoff; water pollution water pollution sources; abatement; bibliographies. urban control ; pollution Three areas are discussed: problem as- sessment for pollution from urban storm water runoff: means to control pollu- tion, and the legal, institutional, and financial aspects of controlling urban storm water runoff for pollution abate- ment. Included is a bib I iography on institutional arrangements. ATKI~SON, B.W. 1978, urban effect on study approach". Note 108, W.M.O. climates, Vol.l: -The reality of the precipitation, a case W.M.O. Technical No.254 T.P.14l, Urban p342-36e. Key words: weather modification. Thunderstorms which occurred over Lon- don, England, on August 21, 1959, we re analysed for the urban effect. Data from 608 rain gauges revealed a marked localisation of precipitation over the city with maximum amounts of 68 rom, and radar records showed that clouds devel- oped over the urban area by 1200 G.M.T. and again at 1300 G.M.T. A synoptic trough lay north-west/south-east over the area, and convergence was strong over the London area. Weak divergence prevented cloud growth over neighbour- ing high ground. Both wet and dry bulb temperatures at the surface d~fined a -strong urban heat island aver london by 1200 G.M.T. The storms were triggered by the high urban temperatures. Turbulence, potential condensation, and ice nuclei in the urban area played 3 negligble role in the initiation of the storms. ATKINSON, B.W. 1971: -The effect of an urban area on the precipitation from a moving thunderstorm-. J. Aoplied Me- teorology, Vol.lB(l); p47-55. Key words: urban runoff. weather lIlodification: A case study of a thunderstorm cloud on 9 September 1955 was made to investi- gate the effect of London's urban area on its growth and precipitation am- ounts. Radar evidence was used to fol- low the development of the cloud, and dense observation networks provided data on synoptic meteorological ele- ments and rainfall amounts. The cloud originated to the west of London and moved eastward with the mid-tropospheric wind. As it crossed the city, rapid growth occurred and precipitation amounts wetc heavy. The cloud growth was due to the high values of potential and wet-bulb potential temperatures in the urban area. It is concluded, in this case, that the urban effect was real, but it is stressed that generalisation from this conclu- sion may not be valid.