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<br />Academic Institutions Engaged In Natural Hazards
<br />and Emergency Management Research and Education
<br />
<br />Arizona State University, Office of Hazard Studies. Charleston Southern University, Earthquake Educa-
<br />tion Center. Brown University, Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Program. Clark University, Center
<br />for Technology, Environment, and Development. Colorado State University, Hazards Assessment Labora-
<br />tory. Cornell University, Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research/Program in Urban and
<br />Regional Studies - Memphis State University, Center for Earthquake Research and Information. New
<br />York Medical College, Center for Psychological Response in Disaster Emergencies. New York University,
<br />Industrial Crisis Institute. State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake En-
<br />gineering Research. Texas A&M University, Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center. Texas Tech Univer-
<br />sity, Institute for Disaster Research, Wind Engineering Research Center. University of Arizona, Office of
<br />Arid Lands Studies and Arid Lands Information Center. University of California, National Information
<br />SelVice for Earthquake Engineering. University of California, California Earthquake Education Project
<br />and Chemical Education for Public Understanding Project. University of Central Florida, Florida Sinkhole
<br />Research Institute. University of Colorado, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information
<br />Center. University of Colorado, U.S. \Vorld Data Center for Glaciology, National Snow and Ice Data
<br />Center. University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center. University of Hawaii, Pacific Islands Develop-
<br />ment Program, Disaster Preparedness and Rehabilitation Project. University of Maryland-Baltimore
<br />County, Emergency Health Services Program. University of Massachusetts, Land and Water Policy Center
<br />. University of North Carolina, Center for Urban and Regional Studies. University of North Texas,
<br />Emergency Administration and ,Planning Degree Program. University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton
<br />School, Risk and Decision Processes Center. University of Pittsburgh, Center for Social and Urban
<br />Research. University of Wisconsin Extension, Disaster Management Center
<br />Source: Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center
<br />
<br />The most widespread floodplain regulations are the minimum require-
<br />ments of the National Flood Insurance Program, which must be enacted and
<br />enforced by communities participating in the program. The minimum regula-
<br />tions vary depending upon the risk studies and mapping that have been done
<br />in the community, but include
<br />
<br />. permitting for all proposed ne\v development;
<br />
<br />. reviewing subdivision proposals to assure that they \vill minimize flood
<br />damage;
<br />
<br />. anchoring and flood proofing structures to be built in known floodprone
<br />areas;
<br />
<br />. safeguarding new water and sewage systems and utility lines from
<br />flooding; and
<br />
<br />. enforcing risk zone, base flood elevation, and floodway requirements
<br />after the flood insurance map for the area becomes effective.
<br />
<br />There are numerous performance and prescribed standards applicable
<br />to each of the zones on flood insurance maps. The Federal Insurance Admin-
<br />istration has several programs to help states and communities adopt and com-
<br />ply with the regulations. Other federal agencies provide technical and plan-
<br />ning assistance and support.
<br />Since the 1960s the number of state and local governments exercising
<br />regulatory authority over floodplain uses has increased markedly, and the vari-
<br />ety of regulatory approaches has expanded. A given state may directly regulate
<br />the flood hazard area, set standards for local application, or regulate the flood
<br />hazard area as part of a broader resource protection and management pro-
<br />gram. To meet these requirements, local governments adopt specific flood-
<br />plain management or stormwater management ordinances and incorporate
<br />floodplain management provisions into zoning and subdivision regulations,
<br />housing and building codes, and resource protection regulations. The number
<br />of communities with regulatory requirements more stringent than those of the
<br />National Flood Insurance Program is unknown, but dearly is in the thousands.
<br />
<br />Average Losses per 1,000 Flood
<br />Insurance Policies on Unregulated
<br />versus Regulated Structures, 1978-88
<br />
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<br />ENFORCING LAND USE
<br />REGULATIONS IN MAINE
<br />
<br />In 1983 the Alaine legislature enacted "Rule 80K"
<br />w alww Less expensive and faster enforcement oj weal
<br />land we regulations. Dna local colk enfOrcement
<br />officials aTe trained, the)' can take a violation dirtd(y
<br />w tk district court without an attorney. Procedures
<br />art folwwed that art less formal than u..ruai but
<br />do not sacrifia the defendant's due process rights.
<br />The court can IflY a fine and order abatement of
<br />the violatinn.
<br />
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<br />31
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