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<br />e <br /> <br />1 <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />e <br /> <br />-. <br /> <br />.. <br /> <br />.. <br /> <br />e <br /> <br />PREFACE <br /> <br />Erosion in highway drainage channels has been a problem for as <br />long as highways have been built, at times causing damage to <br />the highway, downstream sediment damage, and water pollution. <br />A common solution is to pave channels with rigid linings such <br />as portland cement concrete; however, many problems are <br />inherent in the use of rigid linings. <br /> <br />This circular was developed to assist the designer in utilizing <br />various types of flexible channel linings, including vegetation <br />and dumped rock riprap. When properly designed, flexible materials <br />have a number of advantages, including a natural appearance and <br />self-healing qualities. <br /> <br />ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS <br /> <br />Many individuals have assisted in the development of the design <br />material contained herein. Included are the researchers, <br />Professors J. C. McWhorter of Mississippi State University, <br />Alvin G. Anderson of the University of Minnesota and Allen L. <br />Cox, Consulting Engineer, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (formerly with <br />the Louisiana Department of Highways), who generously supplied <br />information and advice. Appreciation is also due Herbert G. <br />Bossy and others in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), <br />Office of Research, who provided encouragement and ideas during <br />the development of the design method. The channel lining deSign <br />procedures developed by the Kansas, Vermont, and New York State <br />Highway Departments also aided in the development of this <br />~ular. <br /> <br />The circular could not have been completed without the thoughts, <br />assistance, and review provided by Frank L. Johnson, Dennis L. <br />Richards, and Albert H. Lowe of the Hydraulics Branch, Office of <br />Engineering, FHWA, and the support provided by the Demonstration <br />Projects Division of Region 15, FHWA. Also appreciated are the <br />valuable comments and recommendations of all the FHWA field offices <br />and State highway departments who reviewed the draft publication. <br /> <br />i <br />