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<br /> <br />Contents <br /> <br />FOREWORD....................................................vi <br />ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................vii <br />Advisory Committee ..................................vii <br />CHAPTER I-Introduction ..........................1 <br />Purpose of this Guidebook...........................3 <br />CHAPTER 2-Landslide Losses and <br />the Benefits of Mitigation.............................4 <br />The Landslide Hazard .................................4 <br />Economic and Social Impacts of <br /> <br />Landsliding.... ..... .... ...... ......... ....... .... ..... .,. ....4 <br />Costs ofLandsliding...............................4 <br />Impacts and Consequences of <br /> <br />Landsliding............................................ .4 <br />Long-Term Benefits of Mitigation...............5 <br />The Cincinnati, Ohio Study...................6 <br />The Benefits of Mitigation in Japan .....6 <br />Planning as a Means of Loss Reduction .....6 <br />Local Government Roles...,....................7 <br />CHAPTER 3-Causes and Types of <br /> <br />Landslides ....... .... ........ ..... ......... ..... ...... ............9 <br />What Is a Landslide? ...................................9 <br />Why Do Landslides Occur? ..........................9 <br />Human Activities ...................................9 <br />Natural Factors......................................9 <br /> <br />Climate .............................................9 <br />Erosion.. ......... .......... ............ ........ ...10 <br />Weathering .....................................10 <br />Earthquakes ...................................11 <br />Rapid Sedimentation...................... 11 <br />Wind-Generated Waves.................. 11 <br />Tidal or River DrawdoWD...............ll <br />Types of Landslides ....................................11 <br /> <br />Falls ......................................................11 <br />Topple. .............. ......................... ..... .....,.11 <br />Slides.................................................... .11 <br />Rotational Slide..............................12 <br />Translational Slide.........................12 <br />Block Slide ................................13 <br />Lateral Spreads....................................13 <br /> <br />Flows........ .......... ........ .......... ................ .13 <br />Creep ... ..... ... .., ..... ...... ..... ....... .., ..... ..13 <br />Debris Flow.....................................13 <br />Debris Avalanche ...........................13 <br />Earthflow........................................14 <br />Mudl1ow..........................................14 <br /> <br />Lahar ..............................................14 <br />Subaqueous Landslide .........................15 <br />Interrelationship of Landsliding With <br />Other Natural Hazards (The Multiple <br />Hazard Concept) ........................................15 <br />Landsliding and Dam Safety...............15 <br />Landsliding and Flooding.................... 17 <br />Landsliding and Seismic Activity .......18 <br />Landsliding and Volcanic Activity.......19 <br />CHAPTER 4-Hazard Identification, <br />Assessment, and Mapping ..........................20 . <br />Hazard Analysis........ .......... ...... ..... ........... .20 <br />Map Analysis..............:...................:.....20 <br />Analysis of AeriafPhotography <br />and Imagery .........................................20 <br />Analysis of Acoustic Imagery <br />and Profiles...........................................20 <br />Field Reconnaissance...........................20 <br />Aerial Reconnaissance .........................20 <br /> <br />Drilling................................................. .20 <br />Geophysical Studies .....:.......................21 <br />Computerized Landslide Terrain <br />Analysis ................................................21 <br />Instrumentation.. ............. .......... ...... ....21 <br />Anticipating the Landslide Hazard ..........21 <br />Translation of Technical Information <br /> <br />to Users............. .................... ...... ............. ...21 <br />Regional Mapping ................................22 <br />Community-Level Mapping.................22 <br />Site-Specific Mapping ..........................22 <br />Types ofMaps.......................................22 <br />Landslide Inventories ....................22 <br />Landslide Susceptibility Maps ......23 <br />Landslide Hazard Maps.................25 <br />CHAPTER 5-Transferring and <br />Encouraging the Use of Information.......26 <br />Information Transfer .................................26 <br />Users of Landslide Hazard <br /> <br />Information. ...... ... ....... ...... .... .... ........... .27 <br />Developing an Information Base: <br />Sources of Landslide Hazard <br />Information....... ......... ............. ...................28 <br />CHAPTER 6-Landslide Loss-Reduc- <br />tionTechniques......... .... ...... .... ........ ..... ........ ..30 <br />Preventing or Minimizing Exposure <br /> <br />iii <br />