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<br />Recent UDFC studies from the Denver area have made attempts to identify <br /> <br /> <br />some of the intangible benefits directly. One of the more visible in- <br /> <br /> <br />tangible benefit categories is recreation opportunities which can also <br /> <br /> <br />be included in the indirect benefit category. Recreation benefits can <br /> <br /> <br />be quantified and are routinely done so by government agencies. <br /> <br />Secondary Benefits <br /> <br /> <br />Secondary damages may occur when the economic loss caused by flooding <br /> <br /> <br />extends farther than the losses to those whose property is directly <br /> <br /> <br />damaged. For example, people who depend on output produced by damaged <br /> <br /> <br />property or on hindered services may feel adverse affects [3]. Secondary <br /> <br /> <br />benefits would result if the secondary damages were reduced by imple- <br /> <br /> <br />mentation of an UDFC project. Other secondary benefits include the <br /> <br /> <br />generation of work in an area due to construction of the proposed UDFC <br /> <br /> <br />project. Secondary benefits are generally considered outside the scope <br /> <br /> <br />of UDFC project evaluation because of their complex nature. <br /> <br />Intangible Benefits <br /> <br /> <br />With the recent issuance of the Water Resources Council Planning <br /> <br /> <br />Standards [23] intangible costs and benefits have received greater <br /> <br /> <br />attention. Among the categories of intangible damages and benefits are <br /> <br /> <br />environmental quality, social well being and aesthetic values. It is <br /> <br /> <br />normally not feasible to estimate monetary values of intangible damages <br /> <br /> <br />and benefits, but these should certainly be considered as part of the <br /> <br /> <br />total analysis for project jurisdiction. There are several research <br /> <br /> <br />projects underway which intend to present methods of estimating the <br /> <br /> <br />magnitude of intangibles but hard quantitative information is not <br /> <br /> <br />anticipated within the"near future. <br /> <br />44 <br />