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<br />damages in the following categories: 13J <br /> <br />1. Direct damages <br />2. Indirect damages <br />3. Secondary damages <br />4. Intangible damages <br />5. Uncertainty damages <br /> <br />Additional benefits not associated with damage reduction are listed <br /> <br /> <br />in the inventory of costs and benefits given on Table II-4. <br /> <br /> <br />Additional information on the problems and opportunities associated <br /> <br /> <br />with estimating indirect and intangible costs and benefits is given later. <br /> <br />Direct Benefits <br />In urban areas, direct damages occur basically to structures and <br /> <br /> <br />their contents, to public facilities such as roads, utilities, and <br /> <br /> <br />associated facilities, and to vehicles. Damages to property vary accor- <br /> <br /> <br />ding to the type of property, it's value, and the cost to restore it to <br /> <br /> <br />it's original condition. In the evaluation of flood control projects, <br /> <br /> <br />reduction of direct flood damages is usually identified as the primary <br /> <br /> <br />benefit. A later section of this report discusses the damage estimation <br /> <br /> <br />problem in detail. <br /> <br /> <br />It is correct to compute such benefits but, as previously described, <br /> <br /> <br />these benefits are experienced mostly by flood plain occupants whereas, <br /> <br /> <br />in many cases, costs are borne by the general taxpayer. This, in effect, <br /> <br /> <br />represents an income transfer and an incentive to occupy the flood plain. <br /> <br /> <br />Alternative drainage management strategies are not readily comparable <br /> <br /> <br />under this benefit definition unless an incidence analysis compares the <br /> <br /> <br />benefit-cost analysis. The incidence analysis compares the benefits <br /> <br /> <br />with the costs for the major subgroups affected by the UDFC project being <br /> <br />41 <br />