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<br />CHAPTER II <br />DIMENSIONS OF THE UDFC IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEM <br /> <br />Urbanization, or the organization of people into human settle- <br /> <br />ments, creates a demand for all types of services, Some of these <br /> <br />services are furnished privately, through the market system, and <br />some are furnished by the public sector. There is strong pressure <br /> <br /> <br />that equal services should be provided all citizens regardless of <br /> <br /> <br />their income level. There is also strong pressure toward the con- <br /> <br /> <br />flicting goal that services should be provided to the extent that <br />users are able to pay for them. <br /> <br />In cities, urban governments "provide a host of tangible and in- <br /> <br /> <br />tangible services. They regulate, tax, and subsidize in order to <br /> <br /> <br />facilitate the efficient performance of firms and households as well <br /> <br /> <br />as to achieve certain socially desirable obj ecti ves." Following the <br /> <br /> <br />basic classification scheme of Hirsch, tangible urban public services <br /> <br /> <br />can be placed into the categories shown on Table 11-1 which provides <br /> <br /> <br />six service categories, two of which include elements of urban drainage <br /> <br /> <br />and flood control [11]. <br /> <br /> <br />Urban drainage and flood control (UDFC) really encompasses several <br />services. As pointed out by Jones [15], the urban drainage system has <br />two components, a mino4 system which provides for the drainage of fre- <br />quent runoff events, and a ma.jo4 system which acconunodates the rarer, <br /> <br />more severe events. From this basic distinction, two functions can be <br /> <br />seen for UDFC which fit into the framework of Table II-I, a protection <br /> <br />from natural hazards (flood control), and management of urban runoff, <br /> <br />(an environmental management service) the latter providing a drainage <br /> <br />16 <br />