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CHAPTER 4: ECOLOGICAL TRENDS OF SELECTED FAUNA IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER 47 Table 4-2. Federal, State, threatened, or endangered species or species of special concern found in the Mississippi River main stem- Fishes-Continued Genus and species Common name Federal Minn. Wis. Iowa III. Mo. Percopsis omiscomo)'cus ........ ..................... ... Trout-perch R R P1atygohio gracilis .......... u Flathead chub E Polyodon spathu/a .................... ....................... Paddlefish SC T WL Scaphirhynchus a/hus ....... .............. Pallid sturgeon E E E E Scaphirh)'nchus plarorynchus.. .............. Shovelnose sturgeon SC Umbra lim; ........... ............. Central mudminnow E Sources: u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service (1994a. I 994b); Wis!;onsin Department of NalUral Re~urces (19941; Minnesota Departmenl of Natural Resources (1994); Illinois Department of Conse......ation (1994); Missouri Depanment of Conservation (1994); and Iowa Depanment of Natural Resources (1988). Note: 1. Federal candidate species; E. endangered: EX. extirpated from state; R. rare; SC. special concern; T. threatened: and WL, watch list. factor to the detriment of native species. Soon after their introduction, common carp displaced native fish as the most abundant component of the commercial catch. As is true for mussels, the future of UMR fish populations is uncertain. Sedimentation of backwater habitats, attributable in part to navigation, is reaching a threshold that threatens to elimi- nate critical overwintering and reproductive habitats of several fish species and their prey. Backwater-dependent species are likely to decline in number. A permanent long-term program of habitat management, similar to the Upper Mississippi River Environmental Management Pro- gram, is urgently needed to assure a healthy and diverse fishery resource for the future. REFERENCES CITED Ackerman, G.A., and DeCook, R., 1991, Commercial harvest of freshwater mussels in Iowa, 1991: Bellevue. Iowa Depart- ment of Natural Resources. Blodgett, K.D., and Sparks. R.E., 1987, Documentation of a mus- sel die-off in Pools 14 and 15 of the Mississippi River, in Neves. R.J.. ed" Proceedings of the workshop on die-offs of freshwater mussels in the United States: Rock Island. III., Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 76-88. Carlander. H.B.. 1954, History of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River: Rock Island. Ill" Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, 96 p, Coker, R.E.. 1919. Fresh-water mussels and mussel industries of the United States: Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, v. 36, p. 13-89. [Separately issued as Bureau of Fisheries Docu. ment 865. ) -1930, Studies of common fishes of the Mississippi River at Keokuk, 1930: Bureau of Fisheries Document 1072. p. 141- 225. [Also published as Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, v.XLV.] Cole. L.J,. 1905. The German carp in the United States: U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Report for 1904. Ellis, M.M.. 1931. A survey of conditions affecting fisheries in the Upper Mississippi: Bureau of Fisheries Circular. v, 5, no. 1-18. Fuller. S.H.. 1978. Fresh-water m:.tssels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the upper Mississippi River-Observations at selected sites within the 9-foot channel navigation project on behalf of the U,S, Army Corps of Engineers, June 1978: Phil- adelphia. Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences, Final Report. -1980, Historical and current distributions of fresh.water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the upper Missis- sippi River. in Rasmussen. J.L., ed" Proceedings of the sym- posium on bivalve molluscs: Rock Island. 111., Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee. p, 72-119. Grier, N.M.. and Mueller, J.E, 1922-1923, Notes on the naiad fauna of the upper Mississippi, II, The naiades of the upper Mississippi drainage: Nautilus, v, 36, p. 46--94. Illinois Department of Conservation. 1994, Illinois natural heritage datahase, February 23, 1994: Springfield, III., IDe. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 1988. Iowa endangered and threatened plant and animal species, November 1988: Bellevue. Iowa, IDNR. Kline. D.R.. and Golden, J.L.. 1979, Analysis of the upper Missis- sippi River commercial fishery, in Rasmussen, J.L.. ed., A compendium of fisheries information on the upper Missis. sippi River system (2d ed.): Rock Island. III.. Upper Missis- sippi River Conservation Committee Special Publication. p. 82-1 16. Luhinski, K.S., Wallendorf, MJ.. and Reece. M.e., 1981, Compi- lation and correlation of data related to physical, biological and navigation system conditions of the UMRS-Report for Environmental Work Team: Minneapolis, Minn., Upper Mis- sissippi River Basin Commission Master Plan, 84 p. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1994, Minnesota natural heritage information system. July 8, 1994, Section on wildlife: St. Paul. Minn.. MNHIS. Missouri Department of Conservation, 1994, Natural heritage database. September 1994: Cape Girardeau. Mo.. MDC. Neves. RJ" ed., 1987. Proceedings of the workshop on die-offs of freshwater mussels in the United States: Rock Island. 111.. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Comminee and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. O'Hara, M.G.. 1980. The founding and early history of the pearl bunon industry. in Rasmussen. J .L., ed.. Proceedings of the symposium on bivalve molluscs: Rock Island. Ill.. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, p. 3-10. Perry. E. W.. 1979, A survey of upper Mississippi River mussels, in Rasmussen, J.L., ed., A compendium of fisheries information on the upper Mississippi River system (2d ed.): Rock Island. III., Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee Spe- cial Publication. p. 118-138.