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<br />
<br />CHAPTER 3: MODlFICA TIONS OF UPPER MISSISSIPP[ RIVER AND EFFECTS ON FLOODPLAIN FORESTS 39
<br />
<br />
<br /> 50
<br />= 40
<br />.
<br />"
<br />!l
<br />;; 30
<br />.
<br />.0
<br />"
<br />B 20
<br />'0
<br />C
<br />~ 10
<br />~
<br />tf
<br /> 0
<br /> Pioneer forest
<br /> (<40yr)
<br />
<br />...... Pre$8ttlement
<br />-+- After river impoundmenl
<br />
<br />Pioneer forest Transitional forest Equilibrium forest
<br />(4(Hl() yr) (80-150 yrl (>150 yr)
<br />
<br />Figure 3-8. Changes in forest age structure on the Missouri
<br />River floodplain (data from Johnson, 1992).
<br />
<br />low and silver maple are the major regenerating species in
<br />newly deposited alluvial soils, while cottonwood and
<br />sycamore are regenerating poorly, This may be the result of
<br />incompatibility between the processes of cottonwood and
<br />sycamore regeneration and the modification of the natural
<br />hydrologic regime. Similar mechanisms were revealed in
<br />the Milk River in southern Albena and northern Montana
<br />(Bradley and Smith, 1986).
<br />
<br />FUTURE APPROACHES
<br />
<br />It is a great challenge to river biologists and managers
<br />to sustain multiple uses and at the same time protect the
<br />ecological integrity of the UMR. From the forest manager's
<br />viewpoint, preserving and restoring forests on the UMR
<br />floodplain will require a continuous effort. As a part of this
<br />effort, it is imponam to study presettlement floodplain eco-
<br />systems as well as the qualitative changes of the existing
<br />forests, such as natural regeneration. diversity, and produc-
<br />tivity. Future research efforts need to quantify the relations
<br />between hydrologic regimes (flood timing, frequency, inten-
<br />sity, and duration), natural regeneration, and growth of
<br />woody species. Experimentation and on-site documentation
<br />of the reaction of trees to the water table and water-table
<br />fluctuations remain open areas for investigation (Bedinger.
<br />1978). Forest simulation models may be developed to syn-
<br />thesize field data and to predict the effects of different river-
<br />regulation schemes on forests (Bedinger, 1978). In the
<br />meantime, management goals should be set to restore the
<br />diversity of forests by regulating river flows with ecological
<br />considerations, coupled with artificial regeneration.
<br />
<br />REFERENCES
<br />
<br />Bedinger, M.S., 1978, Relation between forest species and flood-
<br />ing: American Water Resources Association, p. 427-435.
<br />
<br />Beh. C.B.. Jr., 1975, The 1973 flood and man's constriction of the
<br />Mississippi River: Science, v. 189. p, 681-684.
<br />Bradley, C.E.. and Smirh. D.G., 1986, Plains couonwood recruir-
<br />ment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain,
<br />Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Monrana: Cana-
<br />dian Journal of Botany, v. 64, p. 1433-[442.
<br />Bray, E.C.. 1985. Ancient rivers. modem valleys-What the gla-
<br />ciers did: St. Paul. The Science Museum of MinneSOI:a. 32 p.
<br />Brown, S., 1985, Response of tree growth to changes m flooding
<br />regime in a mixed hardwood bottomland forest in southern
<br />Illinois. in Dawson, J.D., and Majerus, K.A., eds., Fifth cen-
<br />tral hardwood forest conference: Urbana-Champaign, Depart-
<br />ment of Forestry and Agricuhure Experiment Sl:ation,
<br />University of Illinois. and Society of American Foresters,
<br />p.203-208.
<br />Chen. Y.H., and Simons, D.B.. 1986. Hydrology. hydraulics. and
<br />geomorphology of the upper Mississippi River system, in
<br />Smart, M.M.. ed., Ecological perspectives of the upper Mis-
<br />sissippi River: Norwell, Mass., Dr. W. Junk. p. 5-19.
<br />Everitt. B.L., 1968, Use of the cottonwood in an investigation of
<br />the recent history of a floodplain: American Journal of Sci-
<br />ence,v.266,p.4[7-439.
<br />Finiels. Nicholas de, 1797, An account of upper Louisiana-Carl
<br />1. Ekberg and William E. Foley: Columbia, University of
<br />Missouri Press. 153 p.
<br />Government Land Office, 1844, Survey notes, Missouri: Jefferson
<br />City. Mo., Missouri Department of Natural Resources, v. 3,
<br />p.40.
<br />-1850. Survey notes, Illinois: Edwardsville. Ill., Southern
<br />Illinois University, v. 4918, p. 83.
<br />Green. W.E" 1947, Effects of water impoundment on tree mortal-
<br />ity and growth: Journal of Forestry. v. 45, p. 118-120.
<br />Grubaugh, J.W.. and Anderson, R,y', 1988, Spatial and temporal
<br />availability of floodplain habitat-Long tenn changes at Pool
<br />19, Mississippi River: American Midland Naturalist, v. 119,
<br />no. 2, p. 402-410.
<br />Hoop, R., 1993, A river of grain-The evolution of commercial
<br />navigation on the upper Mississippi River: University of Wis-
<br />consin-Madison. College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
<br />Research Report R3584. [25 p.
<br />Johnson. J.H.. Solomon, R.C., Bingham, CR.. Colben, B.K..
<br />Emge, WP., Malhis, D.B., and Hall. R.W., Jr., [974, Environ-
<br />mental analysis and assessment of the Mississippi River 9-ft
<br />channel project between St. Louis, Missouri. and Cairo, Illi-
<br />nois, prepared by Environmental Effects Laboratory, U,S.
<br />Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,
<br />Vicksburg, Mississippi: St. Louis, U,S. Army Engineer Dis-
<br />trict, Technical Report Y-74-1.
<br />Johnson, W.C. 1992, Dams and riparian forests-Case study from
<br />the upper Missouri River: Rivers. v. 3. p. 229-242.
<br />Junk, WJ., Bayley, P.B.. and Sparks. R.E., 1989. The flood pulse
<br />concept in river-floodplain systems, in Dodge. D.P., ed.. Pro-
<br />ceedings of the intemationallarge river symposium: Cana-
<br />dian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,
<br />v. 106, p. 110-127.
<br />Laustrup, M.S., and Lowenberg, CO., 1994. Development of a
<br />systemic land-cover/land-use data base for the upper Missis-
<br />sippi River system derived from Landsat thematic mapper
<br />satellite data: Onalaska, Wis.. National Biological Survey.
<br />Environmental Management Technical Center, Report
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