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<br />\, for commercial, ~sfdefitial, and recreational purposes. These heayiily populated areas, h~i:V.er;;:/<
<br />'\\ are subject ~offOoiling. \~\ i Ij <:E) ,,'\
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<br />\\, /:::i13uildings constructed \~r water bodies face the risk of %6ding as the result of a variety --,-</
<br />\<v;:Of/n;'an-made conditions. Theseb~ldings were uninsurabl~zgaitlst flood damage until 1968.
<br />/:/ The country spent millions of d9~~to build dams, levees;and floodwalls, but flood damages
<br />/<::/ continued to rise and the cos~9f"dis~~r assistance continued to climb. In 1968, Congress
<br />/:>/ created the National Flogd~urance P'rQ'gram (NFIP), which included two important, but
<br />/ distinctly different, pJo<{tsions to reverse t!\e.increasing spiral of flooding and disaster relief.
<br />First, flood insur~~d be made availa'bl,,<to property owners. Second, local communities
<br />woul~ be e~c,~ged to eIl.ll!(t land-use controJ.s~l!fd regulations to diminish damages from
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<br />Imp\~entation of the N~l!" initially called fof't!1e Federal Government to subsidize and
<br />underwrite irts)trance against floo~l4unage within co~li.Nnities that agreed to regulate land use
<br />in flood-hazard'~~as. The regulatio'Q\ would require,tMt~w development and modifications to
<br />exi~ting s~ructur~~~?~ld be pro~ecte~m flooj-~,"a;:ds"~fh in~urance w?uld not be
<br />available m commul\l1l.es that failed to alli'>P~,%.ftl'1plement fl()~.plam regulatIOns.. Later
<br />amendments to the NFJR made the purs:h~t flood msurance in'andatory to qualifY for federally
<br />guaranteed mortgages fdr~buiklitJgs.'1n'a~pecial flood hazard are~'E3~HA),
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<br />Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) serve the NFIP's two dist~ly different purposes. ,_-
<br />FIRMs are intended to (I) describe the geographical area in which land-'\J:il::regwatiensare:Jii::J);~\;::;J' - .':
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<br />enforced by local government; and (2) identifY areas in whiS1_f1oOO:!n,miE~iiee-is';aj1tereq1risite
<br />for prospective buyers to obtain a federally:j:)acked:;Illfi~\~therefi}J!e'. are important to
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<br />the environment and ~o!l1~nat~@~.;;~jrfOjierly-piepared and used, they 'guide new
<br />G;i _~~Y-~I1!~ii~]fimI~-t@lfiJiaris'subTect to flooding and avoid costs to taxpa~h for repair of
<br />-':::~~~'~1lootf1f.iJnagethatwould otherwise occur. FIRMs also are the official document u~\in
<br />,~===;~~~:::--/combi~ation ~~th local tax maps and property ~urveys by l~nding institutions and in~~ce
<br />'. agents m decldmg whether a structure must be msured agamst flood damages. The tJm~
<br />production and distribution of these maps, therefore, are critical in making wise decisions<\
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<br />regarding the purchase or development of the nation's land. \\
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<br />The Technical Mapping Advisory Council has been formed to review the flood-mapping\\
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<br />system. It comprises representatives of a broad cross-section of organizations and agencies that ',\
<br />influence, or are affected by, the quality, utility, accuracy, and distribution of FIRMs. The array \\
<br />of interests and involvement in the NFIP are reflected in the goals set by the Council and in its
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