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<br />Abutments <br /> <br />1. Relief openings, spur dikes, and river training works should be used where <br />needed to .inimize the effects.~f adverse flow conditions at abutments. <br /> <br />2. Utilize riprap where needed to protect abutBInts. Design riprap to resist <br />the hydraulic forces associated with design conditions. <br /> <br />3. Where ice build-up is likely to be a problem, set the toe of spill-through <br />slopes or vertical abutment walls some distance fro. the edge of the <br />channel bank to facilitate passage of the ice. <br /> <br />4. Scour at spill through abutments is about SOl of that of vertical wall <br />abutments. <br /> <br />16 <br /> <br />. <br />. <br /> <br />I'"'' <br />';..... <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />