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<br />Indirect Damal/es: Indirect damages include the value of lost business and services; and the cost of <br />alleviating hardships, safeguarding health, rerouting traffic, delays and related phenomena, and the loss <br />of sales taxes. The monetary valut: of indirect damages cannot be estimated as well as those of direct <br />damages because of the lack of sufficient damage data. 1l1ese damages, excluding the loss of sales <br />taxes, were estimated as a fraction of direct damages following estimates used by the US Corps of <br />Engineers. Local and State sales tlXes are lost in commercial areas as a result of business disruption <br />caused by floods. Tax losses were taken to be 5 percent of the commercial direct lost. <br /> <br />~ondar:y Damal/es: Secondary damages are those damages which occur outside of the immediate <br />flood zones due to reliance on some output produced by the damaged property or supplied by some <br />hindered services. No monetary values was a~sigrled to the secondary damage in this study since <br />normally the secondary damages tend to be offset by secondaJy benefits. <br /> <br />l!:lli!nllible Damal/es: Intangible damages include such categories as environmental quality, social well <br />being, and aesthetic values. As their name implies, it is culTently not possible to ac(:urately estimate <br />monetary values of intangible damages. However, the impact of these damages, as social problems in <br />a cOlnmunity faced with a major flood are real. For purposes of this re:port, an additional five percent <br />of all other damages was added to <:over intangible damages. The following table presents a summary <br />of other damages as a percentage of direct damages. For purposes ofth:is analysis, other damages were <br />considered to average 20% of direct damages. <br /> <br />Table 15. Other Damage As A Pen:ent of Direct Damage <br /> <br />Damage Cate~:ory <br /> <br />--- <br /> <br />Perct:nt of Direct Damage <br /> <br />Indirect Damage <br /> <br />Residential <br /> <br />15 <br /> <br />Commercial <br /> <br />35 <br /> <br />Utilitie~: <br /> <br />10 <br /> <br />Highways <br /> <br />25 <br /> <br />Railroad <br /> <br />23 <br /> <br />Intangible <br /> <br />5 <br /> <br />-- ----- <br /> <br />In order to calculate the darnages from flood events, the study area was broken into rea<:hes as shown <br />on Figure 13. Limits for the reac:hes were defined base:d upon similar land use, and the need to <br />determine potential flood darnage for each of the alternatives studied. Each alternative protects <br />different lengths of Pawnee Creek 21l1d the Pawnee Creek overflow. Each Reach reflects the potential <br />flood damage that may occur from flooding due to only flows in Pawnee Creek or the overflow. In the <br />event of a major, regional flood, extensive damage to the City of Sterling and Logan County may also <br />result from flooding along Sand Creek, Pioneer Ditch, and the South Platte River, in addition to <br /> <br />III-37 <br />