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<br />Fascines, sometimes called contour-wattling, are lengths of willow switches or other sprouting <br />species packed together in a tight continuous roll 10 to 60 feet in length and 4 to 5 inches in <br />diameter. They are buried across the slope, parallel or nearly parallel to the stream course, and <br />supported on the downhill side by stakes. The sprouting attributes of the willow used in the <br />fascine coupled to the supportive attributes of the structure itself provide an integrated system of <br />stems, roots, wire, and stakes that hold the soil in place. When used on slopes, they protect <br />against erosion caused by downward water flow, wind action, trampling caused by wildlife and <br />livestock, and the forces of gravity. <br /> <br />Live willow cuttings that are driven into the ground as stakes can be used in lieu of stakes on <br />both fascines and willow barriers, or they can be used by themselves. <br />Root pads are large clumps of shrubbery and should be used on a supplemental basis in the bank <br />zone. Front-end loaders or "Veimeer" type spades are well-suited for the excavation and <br />placement of root pads. <br /> <br />Seeding of grasses can be used in addition to sodding, root pads, and the above supportive <br />measures, but should be used primarily on gentler sloping sites where current and wave actions <br />do not greatly impact. <br /> <br />The terrace zone can generally be planted by direct seeding and transplanting unless the slopes <br />are greater than 3 to I. Then, they are likely to need surface netting and mulching. Supportive <br />structures such as fascines, and wattles, with sodding, may be required on slopes of I to I. <br /> <br />Hydroseeding or Bonded Fiber Matrix (BFM) applications for critical areas can be a useful and <br />effective means of direct seeding, particularly on steep slopes. Seeds should be blown on first in <br />a water slurry, and then mulches or BFM applied following seeding to reduce soil moisture loss. <br />The hydraulically applied products also will tend to tie down and cover the seeds and reduce <br />immediate surface soil erosion by wind and water. <br /> <br />Use of Entire Trees as Flow Deflectors <br />Native vegetation management can include the use of on-site trees to serve as whole tree <br />deflectors. These have been established at the submerged toes of banks of rivers to slow the <br />current below the normal water line sufficiently to permit deposition of silt and thus prevent <br />scouring of the slope. <br /> <br />32 <br />