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<br />ij <br /> <br />These are the most important factors affecting roughness. Other factors <br /> <br /> <br />such as suspended material and bedload and the time of the growing season <br /> <br /> <br />may affect roughness considerably, but methods for evaluating these are not <br /> <br /> <br />available or must be considered on a case-by-case basis. In general, all <br /> <br />factors that tend to cause turbulence and retardance of flow, and hence <br /> <br />energy loss, increase the roughness coefficient; those that result in smoother <br /> <br />flow conditions tend to decrease the roughness coefficient. <br /> <br />; <br /> <br />