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<br />All elevations are referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD). <br />Elevation Reference Marks (ERMs) and their descriptions are shown on the maps. ERMs <br />shown on the FIRM represent those used during the preparation of this and previous Flood <br />Insurance Studies. The elevations associated with each ERM were obtained and/or <br />developed during FIS production to establish vertical control for determination of flood <br />elevations and floodplain boundaries shown on the FIRM. Users should be aware that <br />these ERM elevations may have changed since the publication of this FIS. To obtain <br />up-to-date elevation information on National Geodetic Survey (NGS) ERMs shown on this <br />map, please contact the Information Services Branch of the NGS at (301) 713-3242, or <br />visit their website at www.ngs.noaa.gov. Map users should seek verification of non-NGS <br />ERM monument elevations when using these elevations for construction or floodplain <br />management purposes. <br /> <br />4.0 FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS <br /> <br />The NFIP encourages State and local governments to adopt sound floodplain management <br />programs. To assist in this endeavor, each FIS provides IOO-year floodplain data, which may <br />include a combination of the following: 10-,50-, 100-, and 500-year flood elevations; delineations <br />of the lOO-year and 500-year floodplains; and lOO-year floodway. This information is presented <br />on the FIRM and in many components of the FIS, including Flood ProfIles, Floodway Data tables <br />and Summary of Stillwater Elevation tables. Users should reference the data presented in the FIS <br />as well as additional information that my be available at the local community map repository before <br />making flood elevation and/or floodplain boundary determinations. <br /> <br />4.1 Floodplain Boundaries <br /> <br />To provide a national standard without regional discrimination, the I-percent annual <br />chance (IOO-year) flood has been adopted by FEMA as the base flood for floodplain <br />management purposes. The 0.2-percent annual chance (500-year) flood is employed to <br />indicate additional areas of flood risk in the community. For each stream studied by <br />detailed methods, the 100- and 500-year floodplain boundaries have been delineated using <br />the flood elevations determined at each cross section. Between cross sections, the <br />boundaries were interpolated using topographic maps at a scale of 1 :24,000, with a <br />contour interval of 2 feet (Reference 15). <br /> <br />The 100- and 500-year floodplain boundaries are shown on the Flood Insnrance Rate Map <br />(Exhibit 2). On this map, the lOO-year floodplain boundary corresponds to the boundary <br />of the areas of special flood hazards (Zone AE), and the 500-year floodplain boundary <br />corresponds to the boundary of areas of moderate flood hazards. In cases where the <br />100- and 500-year floodplain boundaries are close together, only the lOO-year floodplain <br />bowxlary has been shown. Small areas within the floodplain boundaries may lie above the <br />flood elevations but cannot be shown due to limitations of the map scale and/or lack of <br />detailed topographic data. <br /> <br />4.2 Floodways <br /> <br />Encroachment on floodplains, such as structures and fill, reduces flood-carrying capacity, <br />increases flood heights and velocities, and increases flood hazards in areas beyond the <br />encroachment itself. One aspect of floodplain management involves balancing the <br /> <br />7 <br />