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<br />Model error was generally smaller for complex-distribution models DR3M, HSPF, PSRM and SWMM than for sim- <br />ple distribution-models CUHP, HEC-I and TRZO. The average peak-flow RMS error for the complex-distribution <br />models was 36 at Harvard Gulch and 50 at Surrey Downs, in contrast the average RMS for the simple-distribution <br />models was 75 and 92, respectively. The RMS storm-volume error for complex-distribution models averaged 46 at <br />Harvard Gulch and 27 at Surrey Downs, in contrast to an average RMS for the simple-distribution models of 65 and <br />90, respectively. The error associated with the CUHP was generally similar to the error associated with the complex- <br />distribution models, however. Michaud and Sorooshian (1994) also demonstrated that an uncalibrated complex-dis- <br />tribution model (KINEROS) was more accurate than a simple uncalibrated SCS-curve model. <br /> <br />The results of this test are not conclusive and do not indicate that one model performs better than another, The results <br />merely show that the error associated with uncalibrated models can be substantial. The design of structures such as <br />culverts, storm-sewers, detention basins, and other storm-water facilities based on uncalibrated model results could <br />result in unnecessary costs when a model overpreditcs peak flows andstorrn volumes, and perhaps result in even <br />more severe consequences when these structures are underdesigned because the model underpredicts peak flows and <br />storm volumes. <br /> <br />_ REFERENCES <br /> <br />Alley, w'M. and Smith P~E., 1982, Distributed routing and rainfall-runoffmodel-- version II: U.s~ Geological Survey <br />Open-File Report 82-344, 20 1 p~ <br /> <br />Aron, Gret, Smith, T.A.3rd., Lakatos, D.E, 1996, Penn State Runoff Model, PSRM C96, User Manual: Environmen- <br />tal Resources Research Institute, Penn State, PA, Penn State Univ. 54 p. <br /> <br />Bicknell, B.R~, Imhoff, J.C., Kittle, J.L., Jr., Donigian. A.S., and Johanson, RoC., 1993, Hydrological Simulation Pro- <br />gram--Fortran, Users Manual for Release 10: EPA-600/R-93/144, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Ga., <br />U~S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 660 p. <br /> <br />Ebbert, lC. Poole, J~E., and Payne, K.L., 1985, Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during a study of urban <br />runoff in Bellevue, Washington, 1979-82: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-064, 256 p. <br /> <br />Huber, W.C. and Dickinson, R.E. 1988, Storm water management model version 4, part A: Users manual: U~S. Envi- <br />ronmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/3-88/00Ia, 569 p. <br /> <br />Hydrologic Engineering Center, 1990, HEC-I Flood hydrograph package user's manual: U.S. Army Corps ofEngi- <br />neers, Davis CA, 410 p. <br /> <br />Julian, P~ Y. and Saghafian, Bahram, 1991, CASC2D: A two-dimensional watershed rainfall-runoff model, CASC2D <br />user's manual: Report CER90-9IPYJ-BS-12, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 66 p~ <br /> <br />Julian, P. Y. and Saghafian, Bahram, and Ogden, EL., 1995, Raster-based hydrologic modeling of spatially-varied <br />surface runoff: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 31, No.3, P 523-536. <br /> <br />Michaud, Jeneand Sorooshian Soroosh, I 994,-Camparison ofsinJple versus complex distributed runoff models on a <br />midsized semiarid watershed: Water Resources Research, Vol. 30, No 3, p. 593-606. <br /> <br />Miller, J.E., 1984, Basic concepts of kinematic-wave models: U.S~ Geological Survey Professional Paper 1302,29 p. <br /> <br />Soil Conservation Service, 1986, Urban hydrology for small watersheds: Technical Release No. 55, <br />210-VI-TR-55, 156 p. <br /> <br />-,1983, TR-20 Project formulation-hydrology (1982 version), Technical Release No. 20, 296 p. <br /> <br />Tommer, IT., Loper, lE~, and Harnmett,K.M., 1996, Evaluation and modification of five techniques for estimating <br />stormwater runoff for watershed in West-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations <br />Report 96-4158, 37 p~ <br /> <br />Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, 1984, Urban storm drainage criteria manual, Vol. I Chps. Rainfall and <br />Runoff, 1984 revision, Denver, e.O., 120 p. <br /> <br />7-170 <br /> <br /> <br />f <br />i <br />~ <br />t <br />" <br />or <br />! <br />to,l <br />:. <br />~ <br />1; <br />.~ <br />'. <br />" <br />