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All potentially damaging elements must be firmly anchored. Storage tanks can be damaged when tom from their moun#ngs and can increase hazards if their contents are spilled or if they are carried away as debris. Plumbing drainage lines (1 and 2) should be fitted with valves to prevent the back- flow of flood water into tbe building. Sump pumps should be installed to re- move small quantities of water that might build up, even in floodproofed buildings. 72 duced into a building at times of flooding This is done so that the water level inside will counteract the pressure of rising flood water on the outside, thus reducing the possi- biliry of major structural damage This technique is poten- tially useful where damage from exposure to water will be minimal and post-flood clean-up relatively easy. Wet floodproofing requires that all parts of the building below the base flood level be constructed and fitted with water-resistant materials and finishes. Surfaces should be nonporous in order to minimize absorption and mcilitate cleaning (eg, concrete, metal, plastic, or glass). Pumping clean water in as flood waters rise, rather than allowing flood water to enter, will simplify clean-up. All interior spaces must be allowed to fill with water, in- cluding any cavity walls, and must be able to drain and be cleaned after the water recedes. It is essential in wet floodproofing that utility and mechanical systems be accessible and operable before, during, and after flooding Thus they must be either above the base flood elevation or waterproofed and an- chored Fuel and chemical storage tanks must be elevated or located on upper floors above flooding levels, or evacu- ated prior to flooding Valves that maintain equalized water pressure and clean-up equipment must be included in a wet-floodproofed building. The many special requirements of wet-floodproofing and its lImited effectiveness in reducing damage to con- tents limit the number of situations to which it can be ap- plied However it could be useful in some industrial buildings and may be appropriate for limited-use base- ment areas that are below the base flood elevation The foregoing techniques are not all-encompassing, but indicate the design issues involved in reducing flood damage, ranging from site selection to control of storm water runoff and from building configuration to structural requirements. They are outlined to provide an overview of the general information needed and the tools that are available for design in flood-prone areas. More detailed information is available from the literature references cited and from the relevant government agencies listed in the Resource Index. The designer with a firm grasp of these flood-related issues and techniques is better prepared to generate ap- propriate design responses for each specific project and site Increased knowledge allows the designer to accept the creative challenge of designing to meet programmatic and aesthetic standards while simultaneously reducing flood losses throughout the natural and built environ- ment The designer is thus able to meet professional re- sponsibilities while benefiting both the client and the community.