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f" , ~ ~ " J(f' ~ ~ ......"---- Do~andwindowsb~ow tbe BFE can be protected hy flood shields that can be put into place on receipt of flood warnings. The exam- ples helow use rollers and/or hinges. On-site flood control measures, such as earth berms, can be used to pro- tect buildings from flood- ing. They can be free stand- ing (J) or directly against the building (2). When berms or other types of flood walls are used it is . important to install sump pumps (3) to ensure that dry condi#ons are main- tained within the enclo- sure. 70 Water pressure caused by flooding affects both verti- cal and horizontai struc- tural members. This pressure must be coun- tered, either hy structural reinforcing or by allowing an equivalent amount of water into tbe structure, to avoid major structural damage. low light but can withstand moderate amounts of water pressure during flooding. On-Site Flood OJntrol Levees and retaining walls can be used as on-site flood control measures to keep water away from all or part of a building These can be in the form of earth berms-either free-standing or directly against the building-which can also provide access routes. Retaining walls can be incorporated into build- ings as fences or patio enclosures to protect openings that are below the base flood level, and provide privacy and amenity as well Such control measures should be designed to resist lateral and vertical water pressures, protect against ero- sion, and not obstruct the flow of water Enclosures designed to protect openings should be combined with sump pumps to ensure that dry condi- tions are maintained within the protected area Emer- gency power supplies should always be available for oper- ating the pump during storms, when normal power is likely to be disrupted Levees and walls can be combined with flood shields to maximize their effectiveness, and can be appropriate for any size or type of building Their use should be carefully coordinated with site design issues. Building Materials. Even when using "dry" flood- proofing approaches to reducing flood damage, some parts of a building may be exposed to water If so, water- resistant building materials should be used This could in- clude the use of water-resistant lumber, floor coverings, adhesives, and paints, as well as masonry construction and finishes, and waterproof mechanical and electrical fittings. The use of water-absorbent materials such as gypsum board paneling should be avoided below flood levels. Structuml Walls. All structurai walls should be de- signed to accommodate hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and debris impact loads. The walls should be able to withstand the lateral forces from the predicted depth and velocity of flood "vaters, as well as the vertical forces from flood waterS and rising ground water levels, which require secure an- choring to footings and foundations. Potential seepage re- quires the use of sealants, external wall coatings, and the secure joining of walls, floors, and foundations. . . . . .. . . . . ..