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<br />storm water, which will increase the volume of water <br />entering the site from upstream. <br />Likewise, the designer must gauge the impact of <br />the proposed project on the existing built environment <br />and the cumulative impact of existing and new devel- <br />opment on the natural environment. Analysis of these <br />elements in relation to flood potential can increase the <br />designer's sensitivity to the importance of maintaining a <br />balance with the natural system, and can help minimize <br />flood losses, both on-site and downstream. <br />Existing Infrastructure. In addition to general con- <br />sideration of the existing development, specific attention <br />should be given to the location and design of existing <br />streets and utilities. The location of utilities is one aspect <br />to consider in making buildings waterproof and affects <br />maintenance of essential services during floods. Streets <br />and utilities are important in determining site use lay- <br />outs, and should be analyzed in reference to building <br />locations and access to and from the site during floods. <br /> <br />After all information regarding flooding, regulatory <br />requirements, and related design requirements is col- <br />lected, it is synthesized in the design program: flood- <br />related constraints are identified, building requirements <br />are oudined, and the buildable portions of the site are <br />determined. The next step is to develop design alterna- <br />tives, drawing on the full range of available techniques <br />for reducing flood damage, within the context of the <br />overall design program. <br /> <br />Literature Resources <br /> <br />Design With Nature. Ian L. McHarg. Garden City, New <br />York: Doubleday/Natural History Press, 1971. <br />Earthscape: A Manual of Environmental Planning. John <br />O. Simmonds. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Com- <br />pany, 1978. <br />Ecology In Design. Graduate School of Fine Arts. <br />Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1968. <br />Environmental Analysis For Land Use and Site Plan- <br />ning. William M. Marsh. New York: McGraw-Hill Book <br />Company, 1978. <br />Michigan Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control <br />Guidehook. Lansing, Michigan: Bureau of Water Man- <br />agement, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, <br />n.d. <br />The Role of Vegetation in Shoreline Management. Great <br />Lakes Basin Commission. Chicago: U.S. Army Corps of <br />Engineers, North Central Division, 1977. <br />Shore Protection, Planning and Design. U.S. Army <br />Coastal Engineering Research Center. Washington, <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />Permeability influences <br />water runoff An unde- <br />veloped site (top) is highly <br />porous and allows water to <br />percolate into the soil. De- <br />veloped sites with most of <br />their surfaces covered with <br />nonporous materials (bot- <br />tom) do not allow this per- <br />colation, resulting in <br />greater ru1UJff <br /> <br />D.C.: U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1966. <br />Water in Environmental Planning. Thomas Dunne and <br />Luna Leopold. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and <br />Company, 1978. <br /> <br />49 <br />