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<br />. No "iring, conduits, plumbing, or utility components may be placed behind or fastened to <br />breakaway walls or panels. <br /> <br />. Areas below an elevated building should be designed and constructed in accordance with <br />FEMA's Technical Bulletin 5-93, Free-Of Obstruction Requirements far Buildings Located in <br />CDastalHighHazardAreas (FEMA 1993c). <br /> <br />Figures g,1O and g,11 show recommended designs for breakaway wall systems. <br /> <br />3.5.7 STAIRS, DECKS, AND PORCHES <br /> <br />These structures are frequently damaged by floods and storms. Much of this damage can be <br />prevented by the application of a few simple techniques: <br /> <br />. Support elevated decks on piles rather than posts or piers. If a pile foundation is not used <br />for the deck, use knee bracing connected to the foundation piles that support the main <br />structure; however, do not notch the foundation piles to seat the knee bracing. <br /> <br />. Design and construct stairs to hinge at the top, so they can be raised prior to a storm. <br /> <br />. Design and construct fixed steps and walkovers with piles and sturdy structural members. <br />Consider steps and horizontal decks to be sacrificial, and construct them so that they will <br />break loose in small sections when acted on by flood forces. <br /> <br />3.5.8 UTILITIES <br /> <br />All utility components (including electric meters) should be located on the landward side of <br />the structure and, according to NFlP requirements for V-Zones, must be elevated to or above the <br />BFE and anticipated flood level (including wave effects and runup) whenever possible. In A- <br />Zones, utilities may be below the BFE provided that the CCCL requirements are also adhered to. <br />Utility components below the BFE should be contained in floodproof enclosures. Figures g,12 <br />and g,13 show recommended designs for mechanical platforms <br /> <br />3.5.9 SEAWALLS AND EROSION CONTROL STRUCTURES <br /> <br />Although permitted in many states and jurisdictions, seawalls, bulkheads, and other erosion <br />control structures should not be relied on to contain soil required for support of a habitable <br />structure. The structure should be supported on a foundation that can withstand or <br />accommodate erosion and loss of support. <br /> <br />Where used, seawalls, bulkheads, and erosion control devices should be designed to resist <br />failure due to wave and flood forces, overtopping, undermining, and debris impact. Wing walls or <br />return walls should extend landward to a point beyond that affected by storm-induced erosion. <br /> <br />HURRICANE OPAL IN FLORIDA <br /> <br />3-13 <br />