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<br />nUl Ked Irch"ic;al book. "Criliul
<br />ConJiliun; Human Heahh and ,he
<br />Environ,"""',"
<br />C1,ivi~n finch .hal M can MIdi)'
<br />1;<'1 ;myone imernu~d in his or.
<br />KIOuP' "I've had &real dillicuhy in-
<br />l~u~ling en...ilOnmtflu.1 otj;.loiu-
<br />liom in I,uman h<<hh in poor coun-
<br />lfIe~:'ll(says. "Thryalll"anllOu.lk
<br />aholl! fOf..~llo$$ and speciC's diveni,)'
<br />in It,.. Scxllh" - 1M dtvclopin,
<br />world _ "bu,Mve much ku inltrtU
<br />j"hulll.lnhrallhlhrrt."
<br />w. y..n. 0016 Chivi.:.n,llVOle:anu
<br />01 univeuily rr,em:hefS pmductd"-
<br />L~nctth."'pa'licuUII'$-rinebiuof
<br />soot and uh c>oustd by inromplttt
<br />combu)lion _ wert a much C't':Ilff
<br />hallh lhlC<1lllu.n was pcnioody ,taI-
<br />iLcd.lnlh.. UnilrdSllIle5t:achyt'U,
<br />~I1icubln nuy account lor zo.ooo 10
<br />30,000 prtll\.l.lllrt &",1.$ doH" 10 rnpi.
<br />,..tory failure. "Environmmulisn in
<br />11w- Uni,rd Suen were diSlutbc:d by
<br />\1.11 finding." Chivian $oI)'S. "8ul if
<br />,huelludin ae ,ighl.IM".be ~ic-
<br />ubl~ ~mel!:~nq' iJ ~ in lhe
<br />Ihird ...orld, not htr~. i'k probkm is
<br />i thouund limn worK for them Ilwt
<br />for us."
<br />UI1~r ^m~tiOIl Ia.... pulicuLlIft
<br />hn~ long bc:en c10sdy cegubted.
<br />Mou ~vdopin!: nilions do 1101 rtt-
<br />ulile p;aclicul.Jl~ ~minions. even
<br />,houghlhl'fiCtor~and~hidesin
<br />thne countries ~mploy Ihe soo of
<br />indficier.1 I'ngines likely 10 emil
<br />more SOOl. Accordin!: 10 David
<br />B~les, a profenor ~meritus of rntdi-
<br />Clne al ,hI' Univenity 01 British Co-
<br />lu,"bOa, airbol"Oe par1iculal~ readillgs
<br />10 limes Iligher IIwl peak allo...able
<br />^ml'r;can le\lels ;ace common in tht
<br />.kvdoping "'Ofld_ Wilhin d...tllin!:s
<br />hl'iled by ...ood or dung, panicul.un
<br />all' hightr ud!. ^ child's Nngs irt
<br />more sensllive IIwl an adult's ind,
<br />B.:.les pointS OUI, children in Ihe \k-
<br />veloping ...orld face heavy doses of
<br />iirpollutinuwheth~rtheyli\leintht
<br />cilY or Ihe coumry.
<br />"II a .kvelopin!:wUl"ld rhikllives
<br />iuacily," fl.llessays,"INlchilJlVill
<br />hi' upos~d 10 Iligh le...els of aimome
<br />lead frurn ~hick nhauu, since no
<br />Illird....orld cuunlry is even dolt: 10
<br />m'lOd.uinr:unlndedg"olineandut-
<br />a1ytic conveners." (uad i, a poisoo
<br />lillkedlOl.Q.lon.)Sincl'unle~
<br />gasolirH' Wl'nl on Ihe Illa.kel in rhe
<br />mid-1970's, ambienl airh"me lead
<br />levds iOl rhe United Slain Nve fallen
<br />':l~ pncl'nl. During ,he saml' lime.
<br />airbolOl' Iud lcve], t.:.ve risen 10
<br />devl'lopin!:.",orld cilies where only
<br />Iea.kd I:.lsolinl' is burned. lnd is
<br />nu'" )0 prevalenl in Mn;.;o CilY air
<br />
<br />"
<br />
<br />Ihal par~nlS are ~i$td 10 k~rp
<br />young children indoors u much as
<br />possible.
<br />'''fhr; ciry child in the developing
<br />world ...iD also be upostd 10 high
<br />kvtls 01 airborne lullur ;actdsmos."
<br />Bat~s says. Poor narions lack Ihe
<br />faclory nniuions controls found in
<br />the West, do IlOl require catalytic
<br />COfl,,",<<I on vducks and ano... fud
<br />nations to ,tll gasoline and dtcsd far
<br />too dirty 10 men Wennn rdinery
<br />suomrds. FOC' "ample, in the Indian
<br />induuri;!1 cily of ^gn (home 10 lhe
<br />Taj Mahal), kvell of airburne sullur
<br />dim:>de. ...hKh auln acta nin,.lIt 10
<br />limes higher than Ihe maximum
<br />found in Iht United Sum.
<br />"Bul al In.n Ih~ child in Iht
<br />developing-...orld city has e1ecuici-
<br />Iy and propane as home energy,
<br />spuing consunl indoor npolure
<br />to smollt," Bales conlinue,. "In Ih~
<br />counlry, the child il spared sulfur
<br />and I~ad in the air, bUI th~n g~1$ Iht
<br />choltins home air pollution from
<br />1M wood or duns firt."
<br />
<br />ROBE1I.T S. LAWIl.INCE. DIREcrOIl
<br />01 heahh sciences 101" lhe Rock~{~lIn
<br />Foundalion in New YOlk, draws a
<br />chan of dev~lopin'-WOIId home
<br />fuels. In it. a slope luns with dunS
<br />and crop wastes, moves PUI ...ood.
<br />chlolco.lll, "nos~nt and propane. and
<br />;l$c~nds 10 el<<uKilY. "Through Ihe
<br />early 1980's," Lawrl'nct says, "many
<br />Ihird-woc-Id counlries wnl' lKadcd
<br />up IhI! slope of de.lMr fuels. In
<br />recenl years, wifh Ihe global econ-
<br />omy Slagnanl, people ale slidi..S back
<br />down rhe slope, from elecuicilY back
<br />10 propan~. from fu~1 wood back 10
<br />duns. Resplnlory \kllhl art "sins in
<br />con<:t1l."
<br />S1idinC down 1M slope from tln.n
<br />(utls isn'l just a Ihrtal 10 hUOlan
<br />lun". It IMtlltft' forests as ..eO.
<br />Though ~nvirOl1mf'f\laI orlhodollY
<br />hokh INllhird-woM ddOl"csl.llion is
<br />ClI~ by ~ious dtlr-cullns and
<br />rurhleu uulc barons. pmniksl pns.
<br />anu t<<killK lutl wood ouy be lhe
<br />!:rl!'alnl Ihfeal 10 lornrl. Fuel wood
<br />Cornwopllon in the devdopinl __Id
<br />lOIe ]5 pt'rc",1 bnwttn 1975 and
<br />1986. ...lIh repbnling rart by peasants.
<br />JodiJacobsoo.direclorofdlC Hnlth
<br />and ~klpmml Policy Project, an
<br />envirOllrntnul or&ani7~tion, believes
<br />fud wood supplies are becomin~ cr;li-
<br />caI in fbil~ Indi.a, Nepal, M~.Ko,
<br />sub.S#.aun Africa and 'Thaibod. A
<br />~ saring anlOllg runllndian ovom-
<br />en, Jac0b5on says, is "h's nor whar's
<br />in lhe pol bUl ...haf'S under Ihe pot
<br />rh.'lI WOIr~syou."
<br />
<br />In IlUny devdopinJ!: counuits.
<br />...ornen do Ih~ ...ood galhermg. just
<br />as Ihty do mon ollhe heavy l.tbor.
<br />Gurindn-Shahi,oflhl' U.N_l>eyel-
<br />oprnem Program, I'$(im.ll~s rhat in
<br />Nr:p;llrural...omen'pendfiveorsu.
<br />houn a day on loot ~.vching for fuel
<br />wood and calrying II home. Such
<br />labors deny Ihl'm ,he lime for edua-
<br />lion and ruult in health olrma!;e 10
<br />Ihr:msel,," andlhtir children In lhe
<br />high-ahinl<k mounuln arns of Ne-
<br />pal - placn many peopll' presume
<br />are pri51inr: wonaerbnds - wom~n,
<br />B.:.II'S nOles. ofl~n sulftl from a dis-
<br />tas~ similar 10 anemia. Th~ illness is
<br />caused by urbnn nlonollidr in lhe
<br />bloodml'.lm, a fesull 01 Iong-fttm
<br />uposu,e 10 crude ~nefD' lOU"es
<br />lik~ indoor cookinR flrn.
<br />
<br />WESJ"EP,N ENVIRONMENTAllliJNK-
<br />ing has g'(.31 dilficully cominR 10
<br />ttrms ...ilh such It.lilin. Thallhird-
<br />world economius would tall propartr
<br />and kr:rOl~nr: "dean fuds." and speak
<br />longingly oElhe lhy ...lw,n lheir
<br />coumries ;ace ...holly elr:cuilied like
<br />IIw- Wen. horrilies WeSlr:rn environ-
<br />ml'nuliu" or ~nvifos, .1S Ihr:y arc
<br />known in Wasllinglon. AccordlOR 10
<br />eco&ogical onhodoxy, lossil fuds ar~
<br />hideous and cenllal elecnic g~nen-
<br />lion promOles an anificw grren-
<br />hous~ elf~C1.
<br />wlul developing nllions n~r:d I\)
<br />Ir~~ Ih~1C populalions from dealh by
<br />tlIn~m~ air pollUlioll is hydrodec-
<br />uic dam" advanctd pl'uolr:um relin-
<br />inlt innallalions, high.~fficil'ncy
<br />po..er plat1lS lor Ihe clean combus-
<br />lion 01 cO<&I. BUI Wl'$fnn ~nviron_
<br />Illtnlalkibbi~soppose"(Jrlyallnew
<br />cenlral enerlty proouclion lacilili~s
<br />lor Ihe devr:loping wurld, especially
<br />hydroel~cuic plams. Grtl'npe~ce,
<br />Iht Nalural Resourc~s Defr:ns~
<br />Council, Ihr: Sil'IIa Club and othr:r
<br />nlator ~nvllonmenul advocacy
<br />groups.lll' pressuring WashinRlon,
<br />Tokyo, Paris. London, Bonn and Ihe
<br />World Bank nOl 10 sUPi'ur! II.e
<br />TIlIte Gorges and Xi.l"lall!;di ,LlInl
<br />in China; Iht Narmada Rivtr danlS
<br />in India; lh~ Bio-Bio Rivtr dams in
<br />Cllill', and po"'er dams ptoposr:d lor
<br />Malawi. Pakislan and dse",htrl'.ln
<br />mO$r cl'ln thc campaigns hav(suc.
<br />cud~d. The WOIId Bank. for ~um-
<br />pl~, r~cenlly wilhdre.. Irom lh~
<br />Narmada proitcl.
<br />The prin(ipal objtcrion ro hydro-
<br />~l~clfic po...el is Ihal rl'$e","oirs are
<br />lonn~d by inund>linr; prisrine ar~~,
<br />someli"," ind"dilllt 11l~ h.,bilau 01
<br />rare wilo.llik TI,is dots "~ppl'n, I'vr:n
<br />IMugh pl.Jnord d.,ms fOllhr: Yang-
<br />
<br />
<br />IZt River 10 Chil\.l and lor lhr: Nar-
<br />mada R;V(r Valky in India "'OIIld ~Iso
<br />Slllp s",sonal do...nslr~am floudonK>
<br />which annlUlly kills hundrtds 10
<br />Ihuuunds of pcopIc and demoys
<br />wildtilr: habiuu.
<br />Enviros correclly obj~cllU II.ird-
<br />...OIld hydropowtr iniliatives' II.lY.
<br />inr; hudr:tu bloalCd by Kra" and
<br />".v"I~".t': dlsplanll'rnl ull...a~.lI''',
<br />",hich In drvtlopinr; nalions al-vays
<br />mnns mote hardships. Y~I Ihr:y
<br />u'r:m unimtfesll'd in Ih~ upsidt ul
<br />sucll proitelS - malOly, hultr:
<br />amoun" 001 1no-tmlui<Jn, 1.l'ru-
<br />fossil-lul'l tnnlty for n~lions whtrt
<br />runaway air pollulion is a daily
<br />lhrl'al ro lilt. Whilr: pauionarely
<br />con(CrIIr:d aboul wildlile llabill1
<br />los\(s Irom Ilydloelecllic pbnl5,
<br />enviros SI'I'III indiH~renllu 1111' dear
<br />hnld, btnefin d~rivinj; flU"' ~ rt.
<br />d""ion ill indoor slOokt.
<br />Similarly. many I'nvirl>> oppose 011
<br />1~1d developmr:nr in counuies like
<br />
<br />rND.D.....~N I. CN." S.u.. 'uuNI,frl4.c"u"
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