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<br />10 <br /> <br />(subsurface) streams, sink holes, caves, caverns, i.e., karstlands which <br />are typically limestone and dolomite; (2) areas with porous land surfaces, <br />particularly lava flows or sand; (3) areas with extensive alluvial fan <br />development; (4) areas with flat or nearly flat terrain, such as salt <br />flats, wetlands, swamps and marshes; (5) arId areas where the water of <br />ephemeral influent streams is lost by seepage to the water table; and (6) <br />glaciated regions with numerous poorly defined areas of subsurface draInage <br />where surface and subsurface watersbeds differ (Hughes and Omernik 1981). <br />Therefore. 'where topographic watersheds are difficult or impossible to <br />define, 'stream order may have little meaning (Figure 5). For example, in <br />glaciated regions, large streams may origin,ate from sp~ings, wetlands, <br />lakes or other boggy areas. In karst regions and other porous land areas, <br />large streams may arise from springs and dillappear und.erground. Thus in <br />both glaciated regions and karst regions large streams cannot be adequately <br />compared because they l18y have discharges many times greater than those of <br />higher order streams in the same watershed or drainage basin (Hughu and <br />Omernik 1981). <br /> <br /> <br />0'" , <br />0'" <br />n '_.~ ';,..::~'::::.'~~~' n, <br />o ':,::'.',;~" " <br /> <br />,.~-- - --.. <br /> <br />rle 5. ~",rK':Il""t hinder", po..,:ludo. ..~h<'<i ddi....ilt1O" l.oft.., 1.:.5 ~lo.l<al51l"'''~ 1'r.Ol <br />:,r~m Hu~hes. R.~l. an~ J.~. Omern1k. 1980. rse ana ~~sulle d' the l'enlls t.1atenhed and Stre~ Order. In !...A, <br />.r\O.:ahol&, (eO). Th.. "at:1Water 5tre....n :;\'!"n)o"lU1". "~t"'~!"T! "!.v1.io~ o!' the .'-er1can "hherl.. :ocletv <br />.' ~cn :>rc~!l :nC.. :'at~enec. ".n:.ao. . <br /> <br />Additional confusion has surrounded the simple pro.:ess of determinIng <br />stream order from appropriate mapping, and especially wIth identification <br />of first order streams. It was originally proposed thal~ interlll1ttent or <br />ephemeral atreams should be first order because they calrry flood waters <br />during which ISOst stream and valley development occur (Strahler 1952, <br />1957). Subsequently, it was suggested that first order streams should be <br />