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<br />Three programs ha....e been funded through this program related to \\'inter orographic <br />seeding efforts in Colorado. Nevada and Utah, Work is either finished or being completed on <br />thesc programs. <br /> <br />Work conducted in Colorado was concerned with the utilization of the Colorado State <br />University's RAMS model to conduct modeling over seeded areas in the State. simulate <br />generator output and transport. develop forecasts for seeded and non-seeded days. and evaluate <br />model predictions of precipitation. The RAMS model did not reliably predict the natural <br />snowfall and. as a result. the predictions of any seeding effects were inconclusive (Colorado <br />Conservation Board. 2005). <br /> <br />Work conducted in Ne....ada focused upon the following: remote sensing of supercooled <br />liquid water to quantify cloud seeding potential over a selected watershed. application of <br />mesoscale modeling to evaluate seeding effectivcness. evaluation ofsceding effcctiveness <br />through physical and chemical analysis of snowpack. hydrologic modeling to estimate impacts of <br />seeding, and characterization of natural and seeded cloud regions using microphysical aircraft <br />measurements, ^ Iinal report on the findings of this work has not been completed at the time this <br />white paper was written. <br /> <br />Work conducted in Utah involved randomized field tcsting of propane seeding and <br />exploration of the impacts on precipitation. Releasing liquefied propane through a noule rcsults <br />in a zone of supcrcooled air in which unfrozen water droplets will be frozen. This process can <br />lead to the formation ofartilicially generatcd snowflakes. Results of this research were positive <br />with the indication that the see-ding did produce increases in precipitation in a small area <br />represented by thrce nearby precipitation gage sites (Super and Heimbach. 2005). The authors <br />speculated that extrapolation of these results over a season and over larger areas with more <br />dispensers might result in precipitation increases on the ordcr of 10%. <br /> <br />The Wf);\.W program managers cxpect this program to end in early 2006 in the absence <br />of further funding from either federal sources or non-federal partners, Final reports from most <br />WDMP states have been complcted and are available from Reclamation <br /> <br />Colorado River Enhanced Snowl}(lck Test (CREST). The CRE)T \l'as planned to operate for <br />eight yean hut was not implemC'nlt'd hecau.'it' of declining/edt.ral .Hlpport of n:dfod researdl <br />and some wet years in the late /980s (lml car~\' 1990,\'. <br /> <br />S.2 National Oce{lIIic ami r1tmo,,"p/,eric Admini....trtltim' (,\,0..1,.1). From 1986 through <br />1995, the NOA.A Federal-State Atmospheric .\Iodification Programfi{lIlled weather mod(fication <br />research in SI:t: states, at ale\'e/ of about 5500.000 per J.ear per state. The jilndinK was usedfor <br />research componenls. and lI.as split between u'inter orographic and wlIrm season !)/'oKrams and <br />inc/uded cloud seeding experiments usinX both .'Ii/WI' iodide and liquid propane. The breadth ol <br />the research lI.as si!{nijiconl and sewral ad\'ollCl!S related to win/a orographic cloud seeding <br />are Iwrth noting In Ari:mw a new polari:ed radar tec:lmiqlle IHIS used to track the di.\persion <br />0/ airbornt' seeding plumes and the em/urion of seeded in' cryslals in nalUra/~v precipitating <br />clouds. Seeding triar~ using ground relecues of siher iodide lInd propane on the Wasatch <br />Plateau (?( {"-Iall produced c:omiderable direct eddenCl! of ice crystal and .HloufaJ/ enhancemenl. <br />