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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:28:24 PM
Creation date
10/1/2006 2:14:58 PM
Metadata
Fields
Template:
Weather Modification
Project Name
Annual Report
Title
Seeding Operations & Atmospheric Research, 2005 Annual Report
Prepared By
Duncan Axisia
Date
12/31/2005
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />. <br />~ <br />~ <br />~ <br />~ <br />~ <br />~ <br />~ <br />I <br />I <br />, <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />, <br />, <br />, <br />. <br />. <br />I <br /> <br />e) On occasions. rain gauges are read during <br />or in between rain events. <br />f) Three different water district employees <br />measure gauge data at each point. This <br />increases the observer error. <br /> <br />NEXRAD radar <br /> <br />Radar is an attractive alternative fOf the <br />estimation of convective rainfall, because it <br />provides the equivalent of a very dense gauge <br />network. The operational cloud seeding <br />programs of Texas since the late 19905. <br />have made extensive use of TIT AN- <br />equipped C-band radars 10 conduct project <br />operations and fOf subsequent evaluation. <br />The target areas of seven rain enhancement <br />projects in 1999 totaled close to 36 million <br />acres. These project radars suffered from <br />problems including attenuation of the beam <br />in heavy rain and ground clutter. Also. none <br />of the projects operated their radars around- <br />the-clock. making it impossible to measure <br />accurate rainfall amounts during the project <br />season (Woodley. et al. 2001). The WSR. <br />880 National Weather Service (NWS) S-band <br />(10 em) Next Generation Weather Radar <br />(NEXRAD) does not attenuate appreciably in <br />heavy rain, and they are operated continuously <br />unless they are down for maintenance. <br />NEXRAD radars have a clutter-removal <br />algorithm that eliminates most of the ground <br />clutter and false rainfall produced during <br />periods of anomalous propagation. <br /> <br /> <br />FigUres 15: Coverage of the NEXRAD radar 3D mosaic <br />In Te)((ls ard New Mexico. <br /> <br />This NEXRAD data has been available since <br />April 2004 through Weather Decision <br />Technologies (WDT). WDT receives <br />instantaneous reflectivity data from the NWS <br />radar sites located in the United States. This <br />product will be available from the Midland and <br />Lubbock NWS NEXRAD sites to cover the <br />SOAR target area and plans for acquiring the <br />Canon Air Force base radar are being <br />explored. NEXRAO data is run through TITAN <br />as a graphic user interface. This data includes <br />a better..quahty radar estimated rainfall product <br />making radar estimated rainfall a much <br />superior product in rainfaJJ accumulation <br />estimation than any rain-gauge network in west <br />Texas, <br /> <br />3D Mosaic <br /> <br />For several years the National Severe Storms <br />Laboratory (NSSL) has been developing a 3D <br />Radar Mosaic capability. This sophisticated <br />application cleans up single site volumetric <br />data in preparation for mosaicking the data to a <br />grid covering an arbitrary domain. The result is <br />a very clean, very timely 3D grid of radar data, <br />As Level.11 data began to become available for <br />research through the CRAFT network and then <br />for commercial use through the NWS, the 3D <br />Mosaic capability has evolved and improved <br />The NEXRAD level II data are now available <br />for over 130 radars in the CONUS, Weather <br />Decision Technologies, Inc. has licensed this <br />3D Mosaic capability from the University of <br />Oklahoma and NSSL. WDT has since <br />implemented a 3D Mosaic domain over <br />Oklahoma and Texas to support weather <br />modification operations in both Oklahoma and <br />Texas, <br /> <br />QPE-SUMS <br /> <br />OPE.SUMS is a sophisticated algorithm that <br />utilizes a suite of sub-algorithms to arrive at a <br />set of precipitation estimates, including an <br />integrated estimate. The resulting precipitation <br />estimates are far better than estimates from <br />any other operational OPE algorithm. <br /> <br />Once the 3-D Mosaic Grid is developed, as <br />descnbed above, another suite of algorithms <br />use that output along with satellite. rain gauge. <br />and sounding data to provide a final integrated <br />precipitation estimate, Typically. new <br /> <br />2. <br />
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