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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:27:55 PM
Creation date
10/1/2006 2:13:12 PM
Metadata
Fields
Template:
Weather Modification
Applicant
Arlin Super, William Woodley, John McPartland
Sponsor Name
Denver Water
Project Name
Cloud Seeding Analysis
Title
Silver-In-Snow Evaluation of Cloud Seeding Effectiveness for Snow Pack Ehancement in Colorado During the 2002/03 Season
Prepared For
Denver Water
Prepared By
Super, Woodley, Heimbach
Date
6/16/2003
State
CO
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Scientific Study
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<br />distribution of nonscoocd samples collected for control purposes. The central Utah samples. <br />collected at approximately two-week intervals. also providoo no cvidence that seeding was <br />enhancing silver concentrations in the high-altitude snowfalls. <br /> <br />In contrast. the randomized Bridger Range Experimcnt (BRE) conductt.-d in southwestern <br />\1ontana is presented as an examplc of how trace analysis of silver-in-snow can offer evidencc of <br />pos."ible targeting success in support of statistical suggestions and othcr physical obscrvutions" <br />The BRE. discussed by Super and Ileimbach (1983). di1Tcn..~ from previously discusscd <br />investigations in that only high alLitudc Agl generators \\ere used. They \\cre sited about 2/3 of <br />the wa)" up the windward barrier slope. only 1500 ft below thc a....cragc crest line elevation. <br />Considcrable evidence ha." been published sho\\ lng thesc high altitude rdc-dSCS resulted in <br />routine T &0 of the AgI over the target area. Such frequent targeting has not been demonstrated <br />in other winter oro~>raphic St..\-.>ding programs. which used ground-based generators. <br /> <br />Sca<;(mal samples \\cre obtained from snow piL" dug during March (prior to any <br />snol,>,mdl) of the linal two BRE randomized seeding seasons. These samples were from 7 <br />different sites spaced o....er the expectcd target area. Silvcr levels analyzed by DRI showt.~ that <br />thc natura) snow was below the detection limit of about 10,11 gram per milliliter by wcighL <br />equivalent tolO ppl while seedl.-d samples ranged from 30-100 ppt. The median of 14 seasonal <br />target samples was 46 ppt. Presumably silver contents would havc been twice as great. in the 60- <br />200 ppt rangc. "";th mt.-dian near 90 ppt. had St..'t..~ing not been randomized with about half of all <br />storms Icft unseeded. About 40-70 percent of the total silver emitted during hours of target <br />snowfall was estimated to he in the seasonal target snowpack above 6.000 ft. Tht..'S!: lrace <br />chemistry findings were in a~rreemcnt with other physical and statistical resulLS reported by Super <br />and Heimbach (I QS3). ain.:rdfi microphysical measun'ments discussed by Supcr and Heimbach <br />(1988). and C"drlicr aircraft T &D observations of Agl presented by Super (1974). Had targct <br />silver Icvels not been signilicantly cnhanced. the strong statistical suggestions of ~-eding success <br />would ha\'c to be rejt.."Cted as contrary to physical e...idcnc~. <br /> <br />An operational Sl.'\.-ding program with "pigg)"backcd research" was conducted on thc <br />Bridgcr Range for a single v.inter. One of the prior experimcnLal Agl generator sites was US4.>d. <br />just upwind of the intendt.-d target. the Rridger Bowl Ski Area on Ice slope of thc main ridgc. <br />The ski area was ccntcred only 2.5 miles (all statutc miles) from the Agl gencrator. located well <br />up the windward slope: of thc main ridgc. A line of 7 snow pits was dug soon aftcr seeding <br />terminated. to provide seasonal samples perpendicular to the prevailing transport winds aloft. <br />They wcre again analyzed for sil....er content by DRI as reported by Heimbach and Super (1988). <br />A marked north-south gradient resulted. v.ith siher le....els below the detection limit of about 10 <br />ppt on the north and south ends ofthc line. crosswind ofthc expected target. Valucs v..ithin the <br />ski area target wcre between 20-90 ppt \\>ith only one sample below 40 ppt. A single sample was <br />taken several miles farther downv.;nd near the cenlcr of the previous BRE target area. It yielded <br />about 50 ppt. and was likely targeted onl)" part of the timc by Lhe single Agl generator. <br /> <br />The above l'\.."'Sults demonstrate the importance of using silver.in.sno\\ anaIvsis to It.-st anv <br />projt.'"Ct St.."\.-ded v.ith AgI. since poor targeting has been shown for some long-tenn' projects. e\'~ <br />when using rcmotC'-(;ontrollcd AgI generators abO\ C' \ alley tloors. <br /> <br />11 <br />
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