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<br />,~~. <br /> <br />.'-- <br /> <br />Fr........ ChAt:,t... r IJI. ..Sc'~ +......... 6. '5'~.:.'-r,>..:..t.Ii~'r"'.c.. .J-",r.c.., - E tf~. t-;ve.,C'~ -1 G....:J ~ <br />"n.'-~-""r,,-'ir.:.. r:: S.,<.__ E..~AnL'<"......c"~f b7 J..r"~ t...:, lj.~;.:Jb~....t:.~.... -/97y <br />2. AlIgmmlillg ,It" Colorado Rj,.,:r by was..! <br /> <br />Durin!: winter in th~ Uppl.'r Co]or~do Riv<:( n~sin. supercooled clouds <br />arc formed ~o\"l.'r the hi~h..:r dC\':ltions as moisl air is forced by strong winds <br />ovcr (he m~jor mountain masses. Under ccnain favorabl~ conditions as sum- <br />marized below. the precipit:'tion that would occur n:J.lurally from thcse clouds <br />can be increased bv secdin!! with silver iodide smokc. The air mass must have a <br />high 1ll0islUre con!cnt. am.! thc cloud, including its upper boundary, should <br />be w:wuer Ihall - 20"C. The component of alftlow perpendIcular to (tiC moun- <br />_lain rid~~ mUSI be reh1\i'ldv' s\ron~. ?nd il must be possible to dISperse Sliver <br />iodidc :uticks wi!hin the cloud in:.l propriatc numbers !o serve as ice crystal <br />'nuclei.. Silvcr iodide smoke from eround-based 2enerators must e I use <br />by turbulence and Iiflcp by airOo; In!o cloud r~gions thit are colder th:w <br />-10"e. Thf.: ice crystills fl1rmed must have time 10 grow to a size th:J.t will f:..[1 . <br />to earth ~fore re:lching Ihe downdr:J.fts thaI exist on the hr side or the moun- <br />t.:lin. <br />An opcr;llion.:ll cloud seeding s)'Sh:m W.:lS postulaled based on the lI::ch- <br />nic::tl uct:Jils of Ihc~c proCl.'ss..:::.. The system consisls of centralizl.'d nlall.:1geml.'nl <br />control, c...alu.uion. ;lnd puolic service functions. with larget arca operational <br />~rvices and m;dntCll~nee llistriels to Cll\"..::r alll)f [h~ pol.:nli~lIy useful sccdin.g <br />~ SlIl:.1I parli.,;k~ ;,00111 "'hi..:h kc crY~lal foJtrllCllic.n and !'fOWlh :akcs pl:.c!:. <br /> <br />.~ <br /> <br />areas in the Upper Cl,h,r,:u.lo Dosin. This s)'s!em is ~xpc:c!.:ll to have an :Jvcrage <br />annu:.l1 direct cost of 55.4 million for all of the po":nti:ll target areas in the <br />Upper nasin. <br />The postulated systelll is not expected to be made obsolcte rapidly by <br />technologic::!1 c.h:vdoprucnts. M::!jor ch:J.ngcs arc not cxpccted in ground-based <br />cloud seeding equipment in Ihe near future but rather in the eonlrol .:lnd Illoni. <br />.toring of cloud sl.'cdin,g oper.:l{ions. A major improvemenl in meteorological <br />inrotmation imponant to cloud seeding will be providt':d by the inlroduclion <br />of improved we:.lther ilnd earth resources s:ltellites_ <br />As \VaSA Icchnolo!.!y would be applied at the present time to the Upper <br />Color:J.do River Basin. the most probable lon!!-term aver3!!.e increase in snow. <br />fall 3t e1evalions abdvc H.OOO feet that could be re:Jlizcd is in the rant:e of 20 <br />!O 2S percent. The incrcak..~ are roduccd mainl b changing hours in which <br />little snowr:ll would nave occurred into periods of signific.:lnt snow all. n: <br />crc:<lse$ In snOwfall \\'er~ cslmlaled by usmg hlstoncal data obt:llfied from the <br />U.S. Gcolo~ieal Survey and Ihe National Weal her Service alon" with current <br />undcrsranding or the physical phenomena associated with cloud :Ceding. These <br />estimates were verified for three locations in Ih~ Basin based on a winler oro- <br />!!?phie cloud s.:edin~ mood developed bv Colorado Slate University and da~ <br />_p~cci italian :.lnd upper air d:Jta. for nine winler SC:lsons beginnin~ in t 951. <br />T~~ L'Slimatcd average mcrease In preClpltallon vanes Irom percent In dic <br />sout~I::~~_J~~rt of the O.:lSIIl to 15 percent 10 lhe northern .:lnd easlern t:irf..:t <br />~. Applying these faclors and the appro riate fac!ors for convcr[in~ eum~' <br />!:lrh'e prccipiUllon to stream ow to c.:lch part of the llasin. it wa~ found Ihat .:In <br />~uln\entcd l'.now mdt runQlf of about 2.3 million acre feel could be prudw;;:cd <br />in a normal year. ThiS would v:JfY Irom about 1.1 Mal In :tlnw w:tler o~ <br />y~a.r to 3.6 ~n .:l high waler or wet year. Since the dTcelS of the WQSA <br />sy!;tcm would not be conhncd to the Upper Uasin, 0.5. 1.2. :lnd 1.9 M:lf could <br />be expected in years consiJered 10 produce low. normal. :lnd ~igh amounts <br />of runoff frum thc WOSr\ precipi!:ltiun that f;:llls outside the B:J..~in. (Thi~ <br />oUl-of.basin componenl could ~ increased by a change in s)'stcm desisn.) <br />T.he correspondin~ normal ....car dirr.:cl tost per :lere-foot is .52.37 for in-b:.lsin <br />~"!!1!.'l!! :mJ Sl.5X for Inl:d rmlPtf. Thl.: <..lir,,:,,:! cost lor proollcinr: WOSA wa!er <br />l"-'e~s...~~~~_~~~.~~~~rJcrjc:.lllll.:ans for producing or brinfin~ ne\~:- <br />watl'r inlo Ih~ Ba:iill. II i" al"" k!-~ Ih:'In Ihl' e\l~1 of mo~t m~:ln" pror.'"e(J "lor <br /> <br />-18- <br /> <br />A-1l-2 <br />