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'r' . . . " rights and as such are not subject to certain constraints that characterize the rights obtained through prior appropriation. Historically, however, some state courts have been viewed as hostile to Indian claims; hence, in the majority of instances, Indians have greater confidence in federal courts. Landmark cases involving reserved water rights of Indians and the Federal Government include Winters v. United States, which I have already discussed, and a small number of others. Colorado River Water Conserva- tion District v. Un ited States (1976) was important because it was the first case in which the United States Supreme Court invoked the McCarran Amendment in validating the concurrent jurisdiction of federal courts and state courts in disputes involving Indian water rights. Arizona v. California (1963, with decree in 1964) is especially important in that it established a quantitative standard to be applied in determining entitlement to water on Indian reservations; namely, that sufficient water be reserved to irrigate "all the practicably irrigable acreage on the reservation." Another interesting case decided by the U. S. Supreme Court, al- though it involved federal reserve rights, not Indian rights, was that of Cappaert v, United States (1976). In 1952, President Truman issued a Presidential Proclamation establishing Devil's Hole, Nevada, a component of the Death Valley National Monument. This was done to preserve a unique species of desert fish. the Devil's Hole pupfish (pursuant to the Act for Protection of American Antiquities) which had as its habitat a pool in a deep I imestone cavern. A ranching family named Cappaert owned a 12,000-acre ranch nearby, 4,000 acres of which were used for growing \ alfalfa, wheat, and barley, They grazed about 1,800 head of cattle on the ranch and had invested $7,000,000 in it, and employed 80 people with an , i 0165 I 8