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City of Chino, et al.. (1978) San Bernardino Superior Court, No. RCV 51010, formerly No. 164327, illustrates this point. There, the pumpers were divided into three separate "pools" (agricultural overlying, nonagricultural overlying, and appropriative). Each pool was allo- cated a share of the total basin supply and treated quite differently with respect to the determination of rights, cutbacks, replenishment charges, and transfers. Physical Solutions A "physical solution" is a practical type of relief. This doctrine permits a court to order the implementation of a water plan designed to meet the needs of the parties in the most efficient and economical way, to maximize the use of available water for all, and to avoid the waste that might otherwise result from a technical and strict enforcement of rights. The essence of any prior rights, however, must still be pro- tected. Lodi, pages 339-40. Physical solutions extend to percolating waters as well as to watercourses. Physical solutions are usually in the form of a conditional injunctive decree. Gerlach Livestock Co. v. United States (1948) 76 F.Supp. 87, 94-95. California courts favor this approach to water rights, and a trial court is bound to seek a physical solution if it is available. Lodi, pages 339-340. Physical solutions are enforceable by the courts and do not require consent of all parties. Lodi, page 341. Physical solution is discussed more fully in chapter 6. Adjudication of Water Rights There are three procedures under which rights to the use of water may be adjudicated: (1) a civil action in which there is no participa- tion by state officials (unless the state is a party to the action); (2) civil actions in which reference is made by the court to the State Board pursuant to statutory authorization; and (3) a statutory adjudi- cation procedure which includes an administrative determination of water rights by the State Board and a subsequent court adjudication in a civil action. Statutol}' Adjudication Procedure. A statutory adjudication begins with an administrative determination by the State Board. This pro- cedure applies to watercourses and their tributaries, but specifically excludes percolating groundwaters. Water Code ~ 2500 et seq. Any water rights claimant may petition the State Board to commence a general adjudication of the stream system in which a right is claimed. The State Board proceeds, after giving notice to all interested parties, by receiving claims, conducting an investigation, holding hearings, and making an order of determination. Water Code ~ 2525-2783. "Statutory adjudications" are before the State Board and confirmed by a court. Statutory adjudications are confined to streams; the procedure excludes percolat- ing groundwater. Chapter 2 Water Rights in California 65