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<br />II, CONVERSIONS AND WATER MEASUREMENTS <br /> <br />Water quantity is measured in two ways: rate of flow and stored volume, <br /> <br />Flowio2 Water <br />Water in rivers, streams, canals, pipes, culverts, etc" is measured in terms of <br />volume per amount of time, The most commonly used value is cubic feet per second <br />or CFS, This "flow" or discharge (Q) is commonly measured by calculating the cross- <br />sectional area of the channel or pipe and multiplying that figure by the velocity of <br />the flowing water. <br /> <br /> <br />~ Velocity of flow <br /> <br /> <br />/ <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />~ <br />~ <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />width <br />'- <br /> <br />"-. depth <br /> <br />The calculation is as follows: <br /> <br />Cross-sectional area (A) = <br />average width (ft) x average depth (ft) = <br />Area (ft2) X Velocity (ft/sec) = ft3/sec, or CFS (cubic feet/see) <br /> <br />Examples of how these flows are estimated: <br /> <br />- A skinny trickle of a desert stream may be 0,5 CFS. <br />- A riverlet may be 1-3 CFS, <br />- A babbling brook in the mountains can range anywhere from I to 20 CFS, <br />- A stream of small size can be hard to stand in if Q (the flow rate) is <br />greater than 10 CFS, <br />- A medium-sized mountain stream, rushing and boiling along, could be <br />from 60-80 CFS, It is possible but difficult to stand upright in this <br />water. A larger river on a flatter gradient with a channel about 60- <br />80 ft. wide could be 220 CFS and it would also be hard to stand in, <br />- The Mississippi has an average annual flow of 620,000 CFS, The Colorado <br />River generally flows less than 100,000 CFS, <br /> <br />Some examples of flowing volumes of water: <br /> <br />- Water flowing at I CFS will deliver 448,8 gallons/minute (GPM), In one <br />day this will deliver 648,000 gallons or 0,648 million gallons per day, <br />- A barrel is 42 gallons, therefore a flow of I CFS will deliver 15,387 <br />barrels/day (BPD) or 641 barrels per hour (BPH). <br />- I cubic foot of fresh water weighs 62.4 Ibs, <br /> <br />4 <br />