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Last modified
5/14/2010 8:58:17 AM
Creation date
9/30/2006 10:12:13 PM
Metadata
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Template:
Publications
Year
1998
Title
Ground Water and Surface Water A Single Resource U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139
CWCB Section
Interstate & Federal
Author
T.C. Winter, J.W. Harvey, O.L. Franke, W.M. Alley
Description
Overview of current understandimg of interaction of ground water and surface water in terms of quality and quantity
Publications - Doc Type
Historical
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<br /> <br />Regional upland <br />/ <br /> <br />RIVERINE VALLEY <br /> <br /> <br />/ Flood levels <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />.P ~\.. m:r:T./ -::'---~--';-~- " <br /> <br />1\ 'Direction of local flow <br /> <br />Direction of regional flow <br />~ <br />~ <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />Added to this distribution of ground-water <br />discharge from different flow systems to different <br />parts of the valley is the effect of flooding, At times <br />of high river flows, water moves into the ground- <br />water system as bank storage (Figure 11), The <br />flow paths can be as lateral flow through the river- <br />bank (Figure 12B) or, during flooding, as vertical <br />seepage over the flood plain (Figure 12C), As flood <br />waters rise, they cause bank storage to move into <br />higher and higher terraces, <br />The water table generally is not far below the <br />land surface in alluvial valleys, Therefore, vegeta- <br />tion on flood plains, as well as at the base of some <br />terraces, commonly has root systems deep enough <br />so that the plants can transpire water directly from <br />ground water, Because of the relatively stable <br />source of ground water, particularly in areas of <br />ground-water discharge, the vegetation can tran- <br />spire water near the maximum potential transpira- <br />tion rate, resulting in the same effect as if the water <br />were being pumped by a well (see Figure 7), This <br />large loss of water can result in drawdown of the <br />water table such that the plants intercept some of <br />the water that would otherwise flow to the river, <br />wetland, or lake, Furthermore, in some settings it is <br />not uncommon during the growing season for the <br />pumping effect of transpiration to be significant <br />enough that surface water moves into the subsur- <br />face to replenish the transpired ground water, <br /> <br /> <br />Figure 22, III broad river valleys, small <br />local grollnd-waier flow systems associ- <br />ated with terraces overlie more regiol1al <br />groul1d-water flow systems, Recharge <br />from flood waters superimposed on these <br />ground-water flow systems further <br />complicates the /lydrology of river valleys, <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />~ <br /> <br />Riverine alluvial deposits range in size from <br />clay to boulders, but in man'.' alluvial valleys, sand <br />and gravel are the predominant deposits, Chem- <br />ical reactions involving dissolution or precipita- <br />tion of minerals (see Box D) commonly do not <br />have a significant effect on water chemistry in <br />sand and gravel alluvial aquifers because the rate <br />of water movement is relatively fast compared to <br />weathering rates, Instead, sorption and desorption <br />reactions and oxidation / reduction reactions <br />related to the activity of microorganisms probably <br />have a greater effect on water chemistry in these <br />systems, As in small streams, biogeochemical <br />processes in the hyporheic zone may have a signif- <br />icant effect on the chemistry of ground water and <br />surface water in larger riverine systems, Move- <br />ment of oxygen-rich surface water into the <br />subsurface, where chemically reactive sediment <br />coatings are abundant, causes increased chemical <br />reactions related to activity of microorganisms, <br />Sharp gradients in concentration of some chemical <br />constituents in water, which delimit this zone of <br />increased biogeochemical activity, are common <br />near the boundary between ground water and <br />surface water, In addition, chemical reactions <br />in the hyporheic zone can cause precipitation of <br />some reactive solutes and contaminants, thereby <br />affecting water quality. <br /> <br />39 <br />
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