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2.4. <br />looking at 37 enzyme systems. Further genetics studies are <br />needed using state -of- the -art analysis techniques such as <br />mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and electrophoresis methods. <br />Hatchery- reared pallid sturgeon, shovelnose sturgeon, and <br />pallid X shovelnose sturgeon would be used in such an analysis. <br />(Nonlethal means of obtaining genetic analysis material must be <br />utilized on wild pallid sturgeon.) Federal and State agencies <br />involved in collecting, handling, or holding pallid sturgeon <br />should assist in obtaining this information. <br />2.3.2. Identify genetically meaningful management units (stocks) of <br />pallid sturgeon. <br />Research is needed to determine whether or not significant <br />genetic differences exist among pallid sturgeon from various <br />parts of the species' range. Determining whether genetic <br />differences exist among populations is essential in guiding <br />reintroduction and /or population augmentation and in ensuring <br />successful management and recovery of the species. <br />2.3.3. Determine the extent and management implications of <br />hybridization between Scaphirhynchus species. <br />Genetic analysis of hybrids is needed to determine if <br />hybridization has resulted in introgression and loss of genetic <br />integrity of pallid sturgeon. The hybrids collected to date <br />exhibit an unbalanced sex ratio with a preponderance of <br />females. Hatchery- reared hybrids (F1's, F2's, and backcrosses) <br />must be produced to determine genetic and physical <br />characteristics, sex ratios, and fertility for comparison to <br />wild- caught, presumed hybrids. <br />Obtain information on population status and trends. <br />2.4.1. Establish sampling stations and monitor population status and <br />trends. <br />Systematic monitoring of pallid sturgeon populations will be an <br />essential element in measuring response to recovery tasks. <br />Monitoring should be initiated first in recovery - priority <br />areas. Monitoring will be a coordinated, cooperative effort <br />between Federal and State agencies, and possibly even <br />commercial fishermen. Population index stations, and criteria <br />for measuring catch -per- unit - effort must be determined as soon <br />as possible. In the short -term, populations will be monitored <br />annually to determine population status and trends. Monitoring <br />also will need to be conducted on reintroduced and augmented <br />populations. <br />34 <br />