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adults may renest up to four times (Dyer et al. 1987). On <br />average,.pairs fledge 0.3 -2.1 chicks per year (Haig and Oring <br />1985). Flemming (1984) observed that pairs on undisturbed <br />beaches fledged more chicks than those nesting on beaches with <br />intense recreational activity. Young plovers are able to breed <br />the year after fledging. <br />Dispersal patterns: Breeding site fidelity for Piping <br />Plovers ranges from 15% in Nova Scotia (Cairns 1977) to 92.3% in <br />Minnesota (Haig and Oring 1987b). Return patterns do not differ <br />significantly between males and females (Haig and Oring 1988a). <br />Furthermore, return patterns to specific breeding sites do not <br />seem influenced by previous reproductive success (Wiens 1986, <br />Haig and Oring 1988a). In Manitoba, adults exhibited two <br />patterns: those that hatched chicks the year before, returned to, <br />the same breeding site but changed territories; but adults that <br />experienced nest failure the year before generally changed sites <br />(Haig and Oring 1988a). Adults have been known to disperse as <br />far as from Lake of the Woods, Minnesota,to northern Lake <br />Winnipeg (546 km) in consecutive years (Haig 1987a). <br />The percentage of chicks returning to fledging sites 'ranges <br />from 4.7% in New York to 20.2% in Minnesota (Wilcox 1959, Wiens <br />1986). In Manitoba, first year males and females return in equal <br />numbers (Haig 1987a). Chick dispersal is difficult to <br />characterize, although, long range dispersal distances have been <br />documented. For example, a chick from southern Manitoba was <br />22 <br />