|
DESIGNING IMPACT ASSESSMENTS FOR EVALUATING ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON STREAMS
<br />medium -sized lotic ecosystems. These guidelines have
<br />been used to guide the design of impact assessments
<br />of conservation practices in ARS CEAP watersheds in
<br />Ohio and Indiana. Specifically, these ongoing studies
<br />are evaluating the influence of herbaceous riparian
<br />buffers, nutrient management, pesticide manage-
<br />ment, and relative influence of physical and chemical
<br />habitat characteristics on fish and macroinvertebrate
<br />communities in agricultural drainage ditches (King
<br />et al., 2008; Smiley et al., 2008). Similar guidelines
<br />were used in the design of LEAP- related research in
<br />Mississippi (Shields et al., 1998, 2005, 2006b). Addi-
<br />tionally, our paper provided information that should
<br />facilitate cross - disciplinary assessments of conserva-
<br />tion practices because it highlights for soil scientists,
<br />engineers, hydrologists, geomorphologists, and indi-
<br />viduals from other disciplines the framework used by
<br />many ecologists for evaluating the impacts of anthro-
<br />pogenic habitat alterations on streams.
<br />ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
<br />J. D. Allan, R. Bryant, J. Lyons, and four anonymous reviewers
<br />reviewed an earlier draft of the manuscript and provided helpful
<br />comments. We thank C. Richardson, N. Fausey, C. Huang, R. Gil-
<br />lespie, K. King, L. Williams, and J. Bigham for their support of the
<br />Ecology Working Group of the ARS CEAP Watershed Assessment
<br />Study. We also thank K. King for his contributions to the herba-
<br />ceous riparian buffer study and USDA -ARS Soil Drainage Research
<br />Unit personnel for their assistance with field and laboratory work.
<br />LITERATURE CITED
<br />Alexander, G.G. and J.D. Allan, 2006. Stream Restoration in the
<br />Upper Midwest, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 14:595 -604.
<br />Bain, M.B. and N.J. Stevenson, 1999. Aquatic Habitat Assessment:
<br />Common Methods. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Mary-
<br />land.
<br />Bennett, L.T. and M.A. Adams, 2004. Assessment of Ecological
<br />Effects Due to Forest Harvesting: Approaches and Statistical
<br />Issues. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:585 -598.
<br />Bernhardt, E.S., M.A. Palmer, J.D. Allan, G. Alexander, K. Barnas,
<br />S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Follstad -Shah, D.
<br />Galat, S. Gloss, P. Goodwin, D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson,
<br />S. Katz, G.M. Kondolf, P.S. Lake, R. Lave, J.L. Meyer, T.K.
<br />O'Donnell, L. Pagano, B. Powell, and E. Sudduth, 2005. Synthe-
<br />sizing U.S. River Restoration Efforts. Science 308:636 -637.
<br />Cooper, S.D. and L. Barmuta, 1993. Field Experiments in Biomoni-
<br />toring. In: Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinverte-
<br />brates, D.M. Rosenberg and V.H. Resh (Editors). Chapman and
<br />Hall, New York, NY, pp. 399 -441.
<br />Diamond, J.M., 1983. Laboratory, Field, and Natural Experiments.
<br />Nature 304:586 -587.
<br />Downes, B.J., L.A. Barmuta, P.G. Fairweather, D.P. Faith, M.J.
<br />Keough, P.S. Lake, B.D. Mapstone, and G.P. Quinn, 2002. Mon-
<br />itoring Ecological Impacts. Concepts and Practices in Flowing
<br />Waters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
<br />Eberhardt, L.L. and J.M. Thomas, 1991. Designing Environmental
<br />Field Studies. Ecological Monographs 61:53 -73.
<br />Engel, S.R. and J.R. Voshell Jr., 2002. Volunteer Biological Moni-
<br />toring: Can It Accurately Assess the Ecological Condition of
<br />Streams? American Entomologist 48:164 -177.
<br />Galeone, D.G., 1999. Calibration of Paired Basins Prior to Stream -
<br />bank Fencing of Pasture Land. Journal of Environmental Qual-
<br />ity 28:1853 -1863.
<br />Gorman, O.T. and J.R. Karr, 1978. Habitat Structure and Stream
<br />Fish Communities. Ecology 59:507 -515.
<br />Green, R.H., 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for
<br />Environmental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
<br />Hauer, F.R. and G.A. Lamberti, 2006. Methods in Stream Ecology.
<br />Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
<br />Hulbert, S.H., 1984. Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological
<br />Field Experiments. Ecological Monographs 54:187 -211.
<br />Jansson, R., H. Backx, A.J. Boulton, M. Dixon, D. Dudgeon, F.M.R.
<br />Hughes, K. Nakamura, E.H. Stanley, and K. Tockner, 2005.
<br />Stating Mechanisms and Refining Criteria for Ecologically Suc-
<br />cessful River Restoration: A Comment on Palmer et al. (2005).
<br />Journal of Applied Ecology 42:218 -22.
<br />Johnson, D.H., N. Pimman, E. Wilder, J.A. Sliver, R.W. Plotnikoff,
<br />B.C. Mason, K.K. Jones, P. Roger, T.A. O'Neill, and C. Barrett,
<br />2001. Inventory and Monitoring of Salmon Habitat in the Paci-
<br />fic Northwest: Directory and Synthesis of Protocols for Manage-
<br />ment /Research and Volunteers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
<br />Montana, and British Columbia. Washington Department of
<br />Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.
<br />Karr, J.R., 1999. Defining and Measuring River Health. Freshwa-
<br />ter Biology 41:221 -234.
<br />Karr, J.R., J.D. Allan, and A.C. Benke, 2000. River Conservation in
<br />the United States and Canada. In: Global Perspectives on River
<br />Conservation, Science, Policy, and Practice, P.J. Boon, B.R.
<br />Davies, and G.E. Petts (Editors). Global Perspectives on River
<br />Conservation: Science, Policy, and Practice, Wiley, New York,
<br />pp. 3 -39.
<br />King, K.W., P.C. Smiley Jr, B.J. Baker, and N.R. Fausey, 2008.
<br />Validation of Paired Watersheds for Assessing Conservation
<br />Practices in Upper Big Walnut Creek Watershed, Ohio. Journal
<br />of Soil and Water Conservation 63:380 -395.
<br />Kondolf, G.M., 1995. Five Elements for Effective Evaluation of
<br />Stream Restoration. Restoration Ecology 3:133 -136.
<br />Lake, P.S., 2001. On the Maturing of Restoration: Linking Ecologi-
<br />cal Research and Restoration. Ecological Management and Res-
<br />toration 2:110 -115.
<br />Li, J., A. Herlihy, W. Gerth, P. Kaufmann, S. Gregory, S. Urqu-
<br />hart, and D.P. Larsen, 2001. Variability in Stream Macroinver-
<br />tebrates at Multiple Spatial Scales. Freshwater Biology 46:87-
<br />97.
<br />Loftis, J.C., L.H. MacDonald, S. Streett, H.K. Iyer, and K. Bunte,
<br />2001. Detecting Cumulative Watershed Effects: The Statistical
<br />Power of Pairing. Journal of Hydrology 251:49 -64.
<br />Lyons, J., 1992. The Length of Stream to Sample With a Towed
<br />Electrofishing Unit When Fish Species Richness Is Estimated.
<br />North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12:198 -203.
<br />Maddock, I., 1999. The Importance of Physical Habitat Assessment
<br />for Evaluating River Health. Freshwater Biology 41:373 -391.
<br />Mausbach, M.J. and A.R. Dedrick, 2004. The Length We Go. Mea-
<br />suring Environmental Benefits of Conservation Practices. Jour-
<br />nal of Soil and Water Conservation 59:96 -102.
<br />Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins. 1996. An Introduction to the
<br />Aquatic Insects of North America, 3rd edn. Kendall /Hunt,
<br />Dubuque, Iowa.
<br />Moore, A.A. and M.A. Palmer, 2005. Invertebrate Biodiversity in
<br />Agricultural and Urban Headwater Streams: Implications for
<br />Conservation and Management. Ecological Applications
<br />14:1169 -1177.
<br />Murphy, B.R. and D.W. Willis, 1996. Fisheries Techniques. Ameri-
<br />can Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
<br />JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION
<br />877
<br />JAWRA
<br />
|