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<br />,
<br />
<br />generations in captivity. These genetic adaptations are
<br />deleterious when captive populations are reintroduced
<br />into the wild. Minimizing genetic adaptation to captivity
<br />can be done by minimizing generations in captivity, as is
<br />being done by seed storage or cryopreservation in plants,
<br />but is not feasible for most animal species. Genetic adaptation
<br />can be minimized using equalization of family sizes, but
<br />empirical tests indicate little benefit when populations
<br />were translocated to the wild. The deleterious consequences
<br />of genetic adaptation to captivity on wild fitness can be
<br />reduced by fragmentation of captive population (with
<br />occasional crossing to keep inbreeding to acceptable levels)
<br />and by crossing replicate captive populations.
<br />
<br />Acknowledgements
<br />
<br />I thank the organizers for financial support that enabled me to
<br />attend the symposium at the University of California, Los Angeles,
<br />and three reviewers for helpful comments.
<br />
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