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<br />in areas where a varying salinity rcgime (especially hypersaline
<br />conditions) enables it to compete; it is established under such
<br />conditions at Fanning Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean.7.I.X7
<br />Nocturnal in~!Clivity and accompanying predation are factors
<br /><ipparently responsible for keeping the various tilapias from
<br />invading coastal estuaries in California and southern Florida,
<br />although the Mozambique tilapia and blackchin tilapia (Tilapia
<br />!I7clanorheron) have invaded lagoons in the Banana and Indian
<br />ri vcrs of eastern Florida.3-'
<br />;\ total 01'7 of2I species dcliberately introduced into Hawaii
<br />lJ:lve become established, along with 6 whose introductions
<br />V'iere unplannedH6 Of the 13, 4 are rated as mistakes (unfor-
<br />tunate introductions according to Randall~6). Of the remaining
<br />9. the Marquesan sardine (Sardinclla !I7(/J"{/lIcsclIsis) may cause
<br />clupeid poisoning ({here 11;ls been one death), and another, the
<br />bluespol!ed grouper (I:.'pil/t'phcllIs (/rgIlS), is known to cause
<br />eiguatcra poisoning; the other 7 are of no value, except possibly
<br />the bluestriped snapper (Lurjanlls Kasmira). Furthermore, the
<br />M~lrquesan sardine was misidentified when it was introduced.
<br />Thus. the only area where introductions of marine fishes were
<br />used in a management sense has been a real failure and has
<br />been so noted by all of the authors cited earlier. Haw;lii now
<br />h~:s an Advisory COIl1lllillee on Aquatic Biota to screen all
<br />applications to import Jive, exotic fishes.~('
<br />?\briculture is rapidly expanding. Japan cultures a series of
<br />porgies (Sparidae). Israel cultures the gilthead bream (SIN/rtlS
<br />U!iUIlIIS) and tilapias under saline ;lIld hypersaline conditions.
<br />and there is great interest in the snook (Ccntropoll1us IIndeci-
<br />malis), red drum, and totoaba. The milkfish (Chanos chanos)
<br />is widely cu]{ured in the Philippines ane! Oceania. Many of the
<br />Atlantic salmon (Solll1() s(dor} arriving in U.S. markets arc
<br />cU)iurcd in Ctoati'lg ]1'2ns in Norway. Fortunately, at present
<br />:llost such culture involves use of species within their native
<br />r;lI;ge, bu! this is changing; Atlantic salmon are being cultured
<br />in net pens in Puget Sound, Washington. ~~ It is difficult to ~se
<br />floating pens and other enclosures in open coastal waters with-
<br />oet hc.ving some stoe:, escaf1.e. Such structures are especially
<br />\7liherable to storms. It is illlflortant to study this potential
<br />,-':-nblcJn bcl'ore ',ve arc faced with a real one. Is-mariculture of
<br />a s;)ccies outside of its native range to be per~litted in open
<br />'.'.:~tcr stl11ctures, aad, if so, under what restrictions? As noted
<br />by Shelton and Smitherman,m "For whatever purpose an exotic
<br />(ish is used, escape is virtually inevitable; thus, this e\.entualily
<br /><l(}l!!d be considered. " Shelton and Smithermanm made that
<br />s,;:te:nc.nt with regard to exotic fishes in warmwater, inland
<br />:l(_111:Jcullure (pond culture. indoors or outside), a seemingly
<br />''s:lfe'' activity, but it applies to all fish culture activities,
<br />c::pccially where IJ:J.tliral perturbations can occur unexpectedly
<br />~~i1d sometimes violently.
<br />Tile m:lriilc aqu;lriulll fish (Llde is very 1~lrgL" and cCrI:lin
<br />:;;1cl:ies g:inJer fancy prices. Some ;\quarists have talked of
<br />'",,-,;chc:;1,;'>" such ~necies so that local st(X'ks would be aV;lil-
<br />:,;-,' ('. r::)r' ";;:>! -:1::. ]:!"c >S1(;:-;CS or I'wst marine aquarium fishes
<br />
<br />Reviews In
<br />
<br />arc complex and the cost of stock and the small numbers in-
<br />volved makes it very unlikely that these introductions will be
<br />established. Nevertheless. the release of marine aquariulll fishes
<br />should be strictly prohibited because they are patently not part 1/'
<br />of any approved fishery management scheme.
<br />
<br />X. DISCUSSION
<br />
<br />Clearly, flroccdures which have been put forth in the past
<br />and adopted and modified by such organizations as the Amer-
<br />ican Fisheries Society have not garnered support. Indeed, the
<br />thrust of changes made between 1973 and 1986 was to severely
<br />erode any effectiveness of the procedures even if they had been
<br />widely adopted. Examples discussed previously show lhal.:::.!ill..e
<br />agencies arc es leciall reluclant to ado Jl lrocedures which
<br />t ley see as restricting their freedom of choice. They also show
<br />that states repeat mistakes made by other states with regard to
<br />fish introductions. In nearly every case, introductions are madC'l~
<br />to correct some perceived imbalance, most often in mall:"lllill1c *
<br />or man-altered habitats, or brought about by previous
<br />introductions. ----.
<br />"Copycat" introductions are proposed and made elsewhere,
<br />over a series of years, following one or a few successful in-
<br />troductions elsewhere. For example, when Santee-Cooper Res-
<br />ervoir was formed in South Carolina, a native fish, the striped
<br />bass, was landlocked. The success of slriped bass in that res-
<br />ervoir quickly led to introduclions of Ihe Santee-Cooper stock
<br />of striped bass into other. more inland southeastern U.S. res-
<br />ervoirs, with the sflecies becoming established in some; it also
<br />led to the development of a striped bass-while bass (MoronI'
<br />.\"(/_wrilis X M. cI/ly.\ofJs) hybrid which was introduced into
<br />many of the sallle waters. In most reservoirs, slriped bass were
<br />added to an already diverse fish fauna, mostly native or with
<br />a few transplanted species. That diversity apparently prevented
<br />striped bass from starving or creating serious problems with
<br />olher fishes, at least for a decade.~o In subsequent years, 1110re
<br />and 1110re states decided to introduce striped bass into reser-
<br />voirs, and many of the results were discussed earlier.
<br />Because an introduction has been successful in one or a few .,/
<br />situations does not mean that the species (or hybrid) will per-
<br />form similarly in others, even though its proponents may select
<br />it as the perrcct fish in a particular siluation. Differences in
<br />the native fish faunas of targeted walers arc seldom considered. 1/
<br />To use introductions to correct imbalances fron a:t . . , 'es
<br />frequently compOUll( s the problem. This practice has become
<br />a commol1 form of mismanagement or, more likely, an ad-
<br />mission of no management.
<br />What is happening is at best a lottery in which an occasional
<br />lucky or even well-lhou,!!ht out success is replayed. oniy to
<br />resnll in lossl's ill Ihe ("01111 of IHlllcoITect;IIl/c ellvirolllllelll;."
<br />mistakes or varying severity. The adoPlion of a set of proce-
<br />dures that provides proper checks and balances is of primary
<br />importance. We submit that our set proposed in IlJ7:l. or that
<br />
<br />Volume I, Issue 1
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