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end using tapes, range finders or known paces. Width (m) of each backwater wa <br />the mouth and at points 1/3 and 2/3 the distance from the mouth to the upper e <br />measurements were taken along each width transect with a 2 m staff gauge. The <br />point along each width transect (Dmax) was located and recorded. One depth wa <br />either side of this point and halfway from that point to either shore (D1 and <br />measurements were taken: first, a water depth from the top of the substrate; s <br />substrate depth. The latter was measured by pushing down on the staff gauge w <br />pressure and recording total depth to the top of the water column. Subsurface <br />were taken at each Dmax. If Dmax exceeded lm, a water temperature was also to <br />the bottom. <br />Other, less rigorous measurements were also taken. Aspect of the backwa <br />recorded on a 1-5 scale. A value of ~1~" indicated the mouth opened parallel t <br />If the mouth opened parallel to flow in an upstream direction it received a ~5 <br />which opened perpendicular to flow received a value of ~3". Turbidity of the <br />three width transects, and of the main channel, were evaluated on a scale of 1 <br />clear and ~3" meaning exceptionally cloudy. Cover on and in the backwater was <br />ocularly and recorded as the percent of the backwater. <br />Data Analysis <br />Data were stored electronically in dBase IV, version 2~ at UDWRs Northea <br />Office (HERO). Graphics were produced using Quattro Pro 6~ 'for Windows. Sta <br />analyses were conducted with SAS®, version 6.11 for Windows®. <br />