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7/14/2009 5:02:37 PM
Creation date
5/24/2009 7:30:42 AM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
9624
Author
Bauch, N. J. and J. B. Bails.
Title
Water-Quality Characteristics and Ground-Water Quantity of the Fraser River Watershed, Grand County, Colorado 1998-2001.
USFW Year
2004.
USFW - Doc Type
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22 Water-Quality Characteristics and Ground-Water Quantity of the Fraser River Watershed, Grand County, Colorado, 1998-2001 <br />than the standard. For this site, the 85th percentile concentration <br />of iron was 275 gg/L. Even though one exceedance did occur, <br />the river was in compliance with the iron standard over the sam- <br />pling period. <br />Manganese concentrations ranged from 14 to 53 gg/L, and <br />the median concentration was 26 gg/L (table 4). Like iron, man- <br />ganese concentrations were variable over the sampling period, <br />and no seasonal patterns were discernible. The State chronic <br />instream manganese standard of 50 gg/L was exceeded in 1 of <br />19 samples (Colorado Department of Public Health and Envi- <br />ronment, 2002). Because the 85th percentile concentration was <br />about 37 I g/L for manganese, the Fraser River was in compli- <br />ance with the stream standard for manganese at this site over the <br />sampling period. <br />Nutrients and Organic Carbon <br />Nitrogen and phosphorus constituents that are discussed as <br />nutrients include ammonia (un-ionized ammonia plus ammo- <br />nium), un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total and dissolved <br />phosphorus, and orthophosphate. In surface water, these nutri- <br />ents can both come from natural and anthropogenic sources <br />through runoff or the discharge of ground water to surface <br />water. Natural sources include nitrogen fixation as a source of <br />nitrogen and the mineral apatite as a source of phosphorus. <br />Anthropogenic sources of nitrogen are more numerous and <br />include the production and use of synthetic fertilizers, atmo- <br />spheric deposition from the combustion of fossil fuels, animal <br />w <br />H <br />Q <br />H <br />O <br />ww <br />ZCL O <br />QUO <br />0 Z <br />J (/7 <br />J_ Q <br />ZF <br />w <br />0Z <br />J <br />J <br />O <br />rA <br />y7 <br />0 <br />feedlots, and sewage. These latter two sources also are sources <br />of phosphorus in surface water. <br />There are currently (2003) three wastewater-treatment <br />facilities located upstream from the surface-water-sampling site <br />that discharge into the Fraser River. The largest nutrient input <br />to the Fraser River coincides with a portion of the river near the <br />wastewater-treatment facilities (Bails, 2003). State instream <br />water-quality standards have been established for un-ionized <br />ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in stream water but not for phos- <br />phorus. <br />Ammonia concentrations at the Fraser River site ranged <br />from less than 0.002 to 0.412 mg/L, and the median concentra- <br />tion was 0.015 mg/L (table 4). Ammonia concentrations <br />showed a seasonal pattern; maximum concentrations occurred <br />during winter and early spring, and minimum concentrations <br />occurred during snowmelt runoff and during the summer and <br />fall months (fig. 10). Stream standards for ammonia are based <br />on un-ionized ammonia (NH3), the form of ammonia most toxic <br />to aquatic life. For the Fraser River watershed, the State chronic <br />instream standard for un-ionized ammonia is 0.02 mg/L. This is <br />a table value standard (TVS) that is constant whereas the acute <br />TVS is a function of the pH and temperature of the water (Col- <br />orado Department of Public Health and Environment, 2002). <br />For each sample, the un-ionized ammonia concentration was <br />estimated from the reported ammonia concentration by using <br />pH, water temperature, and the equilibrium constant for ammo- <br />nia protonation (U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water <br />Quality Technical Memorandum No. 93.12, 1993, URL <br />http://water.usgs.gov/admin/memo/QW/qw93.12.html, <br />accessed February 7, 2002). The acute TVS concentration also <br />0.8 <br />0.7 <br />0.6 <br />0.5 <br />0.4 <br />0.3 <br />0.2 <br />0.1 <br />Ilr fl <br />f <br /> /I <br /> /I <br /> / I <br /> / I <br /> A / I <br /> t <br />I <br />r ? I / I <br /> I / I <br /> 11 / I r I <br /> 1 <br /> I 1 ? ? I <br /> I 1 I <br /> <br />I 1 I I I <br /> I I I 1 <br /> / 1 ` I I 1 <br /> / \ I 1 <br /> <br /> <br /> f <br />0000 m m m m o o o o <br />m m m m m m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 <br />0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <br />00 N l(7 00 N - 00 N In W <br />O ? O O O ? O O O r O O O <br />TIME <br />EXPLANATION <br />-c- Dissolved ammonia <br />-- Dissolved nitrate <br />-o- Discharge <br />300 <br />250 0 <br />Fn 0 <br />Z) Z <br />200 00 <br />- w <br />07 <br />150 (D w <br />oc LU <br />Q ? <br />100 U w <br />0) LL <br />0 <br />50 <br />Figure 10. Dissolved ammonia and nitrate concentrations and discharge at the <br />Fraser River below Crooked Creek at Tabernash, Colorado, 1998-2001.
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