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<br />in the Green River is intriguing, the ISMP catch rates of pikeminnow in 1998 and 1999 were lower than <br />~ the long-term average, with CPE in 1999 only slightly higher than in 1998. Colorado pikeminnow <br />captured during removal efforts in 2000 was half that of 1999; however, ISMP catch rates for Colorado <br />pikeminnow were higher than the previous three years of sampling. <br />f In the Colorado River, during the fall YOY ISMP sampling for Colorado pikeminnow, the catch <br />and catch rates of Colorado pikeminnow were not significantly greater during the NNC removal years <br />than the long term average (1986-1997), or the recent pre-removal sampling years (1991-1997) (Figure <br />~ 18). However, the large increase in captures of Colorado pikeminnow in the treatment areas in 2000 was <br />followed by a rise in ISMP catch rate that fall. <br />Similar results were seen in a concurrent nonnative cyprinid removal study conducted in the <br />~ Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado (ISMP reach 2). Trammell et al. (2002) found only <br />temporary reductions in nonnative abundance in treated backwaters. They observed no positive <br />response in native fish abundance during the study or during ISMP fall sampling. <br />Our ability to reduce nonnative cyprinid species appears to be limited to short-lived, site-specific <br />reductions in abundance. However, the premise behind timing the removal to precede spawning of the <br />endangered fishes was to provide a `window of opportunity' for early growth and survival of the <br />endangered fish by removing NNC just as the endangered fish begin to occupy the habitats. We may <br />have provided a short window of opportunity; we were able to deplete individual backwaters on a single <br />f <br />sampling occasion, although no long-term depletion was achieved of more than a few days. Although we <br />could show little or no evidence of an immediate positive response on the part of native fish, this may be <br />due to lack of appropriate sampling methods designed to test the response. Despite our inability to show <br />either a reduction in abundance of NNC or a positive response from the native fishes, we should not <br />abandon attempts to control these fishes. <br />~ The continuing presence of NNC in nursery habitats will remain a cause for concern for the long- <br />term survival of the endangered fishes. The amount of effort expended on these studies was substantial, <br />being both fiscally and labor intensive; several hundred thousand nonnative fishes were removed. But on <br />~ a different scale the effort was only moderate. Five weeks of effort per 30 to 50 miles of river reach, <br />-18- <br />