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24 <br />CUMULATIVE EFFECTS <br />Cumulative effects are those effects of future State or private activities, <br />not involving Federal activities, that are reasonably certain to occur within <br />the action area of the Federal action subject to`~consuli:~tion. There are no <br />known future State or private actions, that would not require a Federal <br />action, anticipated to occur within the action area. This is primarily <br />because the Green River flows through very little private or State land within <br />the action area. <br />~~ <br />CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING A REASONABLE AND PRUDENT ALTERNATIVE <br />The Act requires the Service to work with other Federal Agencies in developing <br />a reasonable and prudent alternative to the project under consultation if <br />there is a determination that the project is likely to jeopardize the <br />continued existence of listed species. As defined by 50 CFR 402, Final Rule, <br />Federal Register, June 3, 1986, an alternative is deemed reasonable and <br />prudent only if: <br />1. It can be implemented by the lead Federal Agency (Reclamation) in a <br />manner consistent with the intended purpose of the project. <br />2. The Service believes it would avoid the likelihood of jeopardizing the <br />continued existence of listed species. <br />3. It can be formulated so that it can be implemented by the lead Federal <br />Agency consistent within the scope of its legal authority and <br />jurisdiction. <br />4. It is economically and technically feasible. <br />The reasonable and prudent alternative developed to avoid the likelihood of <br />jeopardizing the continued existence of endangered fish in the Green River <br />meets the aforementioned criteria. The June 1991 Flamin4 Gorge Consolidated <br />Hydroloav Report by Smith and Green and the July 1991 Habitat Use and <br />S~eamflow Needs of Rare and Endangered Fishes in the Green River Utah by <br />Tyus and Karp provide the bass for development of the reasonable and prudent <br />alternative. <br />The Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam represents one of the most important <br />riverine habitats left for rare and endangered fish in the. Upper Colorado <br />River Basin, and, as such, is necessary for the continued existence and <br />recovery of these species. <br />Decline and endangerment of the Colorado River fish is due, in part, to human- <br />induced habitat changes. Closure and operation of Flaming Gorge eliminated <br />most of the native fish in 80 miles of the upper Green River from Flaming <br />Gorge Dam down to Dinosaur (Baxter and Simon 1910; Vanicek et al. 1970). <br />Present operation of Flaming Gorge Dam through this reach does not provide <br />