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Figures <br />1.1 Participation trends inwildlife-dependent recreation, 1955-1990. <br />1.2 Projected participation trends in wildlife-dependent recreation, <br />1985-2040. <br />3.1 Management/planning process for identifying impacts, their causes, <br />and strategies for reducing impacts. <br />4.1 Responses of wildlife to recreational activities: a conceptual model. <br />7.1 Heart rate response in nonincubating ptarmigan hen, showing the <br />"fight or flight response:' <br />7.2 The effects of disturbance on wildlife. <br />7.3 The effects of human presence on the heart rate of a wild incubating <br />willow ptarmigan hen, showing the passive defense response. <br />8.1 The ranges at which acute effects of noisy disturbances might occur in <br />a quiet wilderness area. <br />8.2 Differences in raptor young fledged in undisturbed nests compared <br />with young fledged in nests exposed to noisy disturbance. <br />8.3 Ungulate responses to approaching aircraft. <br />8.4 The response of crested terns to peak sound levels of aircraft overflights. <br />8.5 Responses of caribou to low-altitude overflights. <br />11.1 Simple conceptual model of the indirect effects of recreation on animals. <br />13.1 Relationship between the time required to elicit a flush response and <br />the distance between human and bald eagle for a single human-eagle <br />encounter (Dual Disturbance Threshold Model). <br />13.2 Relationship between the time required to elicit a flush response and <br />the distance between human and bald eagle for several human-eagle <br />encounters, as well as the frequency distributions of the disturbance <br />thresholds. <br />14.1 Relative importance of various human-induced disturbances to <br />staging greater snow geese. <br />14.2 Extent of disturbance to greater snow geese byhunting-related activi- <br />ties. <br />14.3 Estimated HMEI (energy intake) and HEE (energy expenditure) of <br />staging greater snow geese under different disturbance rates. <br />14.4 Activity budget of marsh-foraging greater snow geese under different <br />disturbance levels. <br />xi <br />