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1 Outdoor Recreation: Historical and Anticipated Trends Other factors that may be contributing to declines in migratory bird and small game hunters include restricted access, crowding, and less leisure time available for hunting (Smith et al. 1992; Enck et al. 1993). Participation in small game and migratory bird hunting appear to be more tied to land access than big game hunting. In 1985, 63% of small game hunters and 62% of mi- gratarybird hunters hunted on private lands only, compared with 51% of big game hunters (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). Nonconsumptive recreational activities are growing in popularity relative to traditional wildlife and fish recreational pursuits (Duffus and Dearden 1990). The number of persons that actually traveled more than 1.6 km from their residence to observe, photograph, or feed wildlife increased from 22.9 to 37.5 million from 1980 to 1990 (Fig. l.la)-an average annual rate of increase that exceeds all other wildlife-oriented recreation. Based on 1991 survey re- sults, most of the participants in nonconsumptive activities simply observed wildlife (96%); substantially fewer people photographed (47%) or fed wild animals (44%) (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1993). Trends in the total number of days devoted to wildlife-dependent recre- ation (Fig. l.lb) tend to mirror trends in participants, with two notable ex- ceptions. First, despite increased numbers of participants, the number ofnon- consumptive trips declined between 1980 and 1990. Second, since 1975, the number of days spent angling and hunting have deviated from participation trends. Despite consistent increases in the total number of anglers, the number of days spent fishing declined conspicuously in the 1980 survey and has only recently recovered to 1975 levels. Similarly, the total days spent hunting has continued to decline since 1975 despite a nearly constant number of participants. Although definitive studies are lacking, data do indicate that the amount and focus of leisure time can restrict the level of participation in all types of wildlife-oriented outdoor recreation (see Goodale 1991; Schor 1991). TRENDS IN ACTIVITIES NOT DEPENDENT ON WILDLIFE Trends in outdoor recreational activities not dependent on wildlife were es- tablished from several sources (Table 1.1). Although the estimates were devel- oped using different methods, the results are sufficiently comparable to indi- cate general trends over aten-year period. Among the Land-based activities, those occurring within developed recre- ation sites or near roads had the highest number of persons 12 years old or older participating. The consistent improvement in birycle technology has, in large part, been responsible for biking's strong growth. The increasing popu-