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xvi Preface passing through a painful period of introspection-one caused by unchecked outdoor recreation. Accordingly, the primary audience for our book is the natural-resource manager. We hope that the information contained in these pages will help define and resolve the increasingly important issue of outdoor recreation and its impacts on wildlife and ecosystems. In this book, we focus on the direct effects of recreationists on wildlife (e.g., behavior change, energetic imbalances, death); however, we also consider in- direct effects such as habitat modification (see Chapter 11). We recognize that there is a profound need to understand the human dimensions of outdoor- recreation management, and we have included two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) as a primer on this important topic. The first part of the book (General Issues) explores topics common to most wildlife-recreation interactions, ranging from how wildlife responds to dis- turbance, to the origin of these responses. In Part II (Specific Issues), we ex- amine detailed points relevant towildlife-recreation interactions, which span the gamut from physiological responses of wildlife to disturbance, to the ef- fects of ecotourism. The third part (Case Studies) presents seven case studies that provide insights into how specific recreational activities affect diverse types of wildlife, from manatees to rattlesnakes. The final part (Ethics and An- swers) looks to the future, addresses how wildlife and recreationists might co- exist, and explores ethical issues relevant to this field. Our goal in compiling this book was for it to have practical value in helping minimize or ameliorate the negative impacts of recreation on wildlife. There- fore, each chapter in the second and third parts has a segment describing real- istic options for avoiding or managing detrimental effects of recreation. In ad- dition, for all but the final two chapters, we have asked the authors to conclude with a section that identifies major gaps in our knowledge on their topic. We hope this information can play a part in prioritizing the research necessary for solving the wildlife-recreation conflicts that are sure to occur. Each chapter should provide managers and researchers alike with information that is useful in directing and integrating their activities toward a particular type of impact. RLK wishes to acknowledge the support of students and colleagues at Col- orado State University who assisted in many ways with the preparation of this book. He is in debt to Heather A. L. Knight for her support and encourage- ment. He also acknowledges the financial support of the Intermountain Re- search Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, which enabled him to prepare a review of recreational impacts on wildlife. KJG appreciates all aid received for this effort from Baylor University. He is especially grateful to Jerome and Rita Gutzwiller for the Iife-long support that made his role in this work possible, and to Pam and Robert Gutzwiller for their assistance and en-