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Tables <br />1.1 Recent participation trends and 1992 avidity for outdoor recreational <br />activities not dependent on wildlife. <br />1.2 Projected indices of growth in recreation trips for activities not directly <br />dependent on wildlife, 2000 to 2040. <br />3.1 Classification of visitor management strategies. <br />3.2 Matrix for evaluation of alternative management strategies. <br />7.1 Physiological changes associated with the active defense response. <br />7.2 Physiological changes associated with the passive defense response. <br />7.3 Animals showing the passive defense response with documented <br />bradycardia. <br />8.1 Sound pressure levels of various familiar sounds on the decibel scale in <br />air and in water. <br />8.2 Responses of perched and brooding raptors to noisy disturbances. <br />8.3 Durations of raptor flight responses after experimental aircraft ap- <br />proaches. <br />11.1 Primary recreational impacts on animal habitat. <br />14.1 Synthesis of the results obtained on the impact ofhuman-induced dis- <br />turbance to staging greater snow geese during the hunting (fall) and <br />nonhunting (spring) seasons, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, 1985- <br />1987. <br />16.1 Summary of economic impacts of birders on the communities adja- <br />cent to Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, June 1990 to May 1991. <br />16.2 Comparison of visitation and economic impact at five major birding <br />sites in the United States and Canada. <br />17.1 Potential overlap of major avian groups and recreationists on North- <br />east coastal beaches and coastal habitats. <br />17.2 Effects of recreationists on foraging piping plover nesting along several <br />New Jersey beaches. <br />17.3 Variables to be recorded for study of effects of human activities on <br />beach birds. <br />xiii <br />