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Contents <br />1 Executive Summary and Policy Directions 1 <br />Controversies 3 <br />Policy Directions 7 <br />Summary of Fish Passage Technologies 9 <br />Conclusions 20 <br />2 Fish Passage and Entrainment Protection 25 <br />Part 1: Issues and Controversies 25 <br />Part 2: Study Methods 45 <br />3 Upstream Fish Passage Technologies: <br />How Well Do They Work? 53 <br />Upstream Fish Passage Design 53 <br />Effective Fishway Design 63 <br />Why Fishways Fail 65 <br />Conclusions 67 <br />4 Downstream Fish Passage Technologies: <br />How Well Do They Work? 69 <br />Design of Conventional Structural Measures 70 <br />Other Methods for Providing Downstream Passage 76 <br />Evolving Downstream Passage Technologies 82 <br />Alternative Behavioral Guidance Devices 87 <br />Perspectives on Technologies 93 <br />Conclusions 94 <br />5 The Federal Role in Fish Passage at <br />Hydropower Facilities 97 <br />Licensing of Nonfederal Hydropower Plants 98 <br />Mitigation Costs and Benefits 108 <br />Research and Development: Federal Involvement 112 <br />Conclusions 117 <br />ix <br />