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<br />BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF COLORADO PIKEMINNOW
<br />1 this broodstock could prove critical for maintain-
<br />~~ ing Colorado River populations through stocking.
<br />Although it is both expensive and labor inten-
<br />sive, the maintenance of separate hatchery brood-
<br />fish populations ensures the availability of fish for
<br />~ stocking if any population suffers catastrophic
<br />losses as well as maximizing overall genetic var-
<br />iability at this late date in recovery efforts. Ad-
<br />ditional genetic material could be infused into cap-
<br />five broodfishpopulations by using sperm obtained
<br />from wild breeding males, thereby increasing ef-
<br />fective hatchery population sizes (Cloud et al.
<br />1990). Any fish used for stocking should be the
<br />result of controlled reproduction of selected in-
<br />dividuals (Williamson et al. 1994).
<br />In view of both the distributions of rare alleles
<br />. and the frequent deficiencies of heterozygotes at
<br />a majority of identified polymorphic loci, the Col-
<br />orado and Green River drainages should be con-
<br />sidered separate management units at present. Fu-
<br />ture studies that either expand the isozyme data-
<br />base with additional loci or individuals or develop
<br />genomic DNA markers, as suggested by Whitmore
<br />et al. (1990)- to add a wealth of genetic markers
<br />and polymorphic variation, may alter the perspec-
<br />tive advanced here. Management of the Green and
<br />Colorado River systems as separate units is pru-
<br />dent based on currently available data, and devel-
<br />opment of multiple hatchery stocks can help en-
<br />sure survival of the Colorado pikeminnow
<br />throughout its range.
<br />Acknowledgments
<br />This study was funded, in part, by the Recovery
<br />Implementation Program for Endangered Fish
<br />Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Partial
<br />support was also provided by Region 2 of the U.S.
<br />Fish and Wildlife Service's Dexter National Fish
<br />Hatchery and Technology Center and Mora Na-
<br />tional Fish Hatchery and Technology Center and
<br />the University of Texas's M. D. Anderson Cancer
<br />Center. Personnel from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
<br />Service, Colorado Department of Wildlife, New
<br />Mexico Game and Fish Department, Utah De-
<br />partment of Natural Resources, and BioWest, Inc.
<br />(Logan, Utah) assisted with sample collection. We
<br />thank Ed Wick, Doug Young, Steve Severson,
<br />Frank Pfeifer, Dale Ryden, Chuck McAda, Doug
<br />Osmundson, Sharon Coats, Diane Howard, Roger
<br />Hamman, Tom Chart, Steve Cranny, Tom Nesler,
<br />Bill Elmblad, Maureen Schmidt, Rich Valdez,
<br />Dave Propst, and Jim Brooks for collection of sam-
<br />ples and other invaluable assistance in the field,
<br />office, and laboratory. Others whom we cannot
<br />75
<br />identify certainly assisted in this effort as well,
<br />and we apologize for omitting them.
<br />References
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<br />ical genetics of endangered Colorado squawfish
<br />populations. Transactions of the American Fisheries
<br />Society 118:435-440.
<br />Campton, D. E. 1987. Natural hybridization and intro-
<br />gression in fishes: methods of detection and genetic
<br />interpretations. Pages 161-192 in N. Ryman and F.
<br />Utter, editors, Population genetics and fishery man-
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<br />Chakraborty, R., and O. Leimar. 1987. Genetic variation
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<br />Nelson, J. S., E. J. Grossman, H. Espinosa-Perez, C. R.
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<br />Tucker, B. D. Burdick, W. R. Emblad, T. E. Chart,
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